暂无摘要。

BACKGROUND: The provincial-level sero-survey was launched to learn the updated seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the general population aged 1-69 years in Chongqing and to assess the risk factors for HBV infection to effectively screen persons with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
METHODS: A total of 1828 individuals aged 1-69 years were investigated, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (HBsAb), and antibody to B core antigen (HBcAb) were detected. Logistic regression and three machine learning (ML) algorithms, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), were developed for analysis.
RESULTS: The HBsAg prevalence of the total population was 3.83%, and among persons aged 1-14 years and 15-69 years, it was 0.24% and 4.89%, respectively. A large figure of 95.18% (770/809) of adults was unaware of their occult HBV infection. Age, region, and immunization history were found to be statistically associated with HBcAb prevalence with a logistic regression model. The prediction accuracies were 0.717, 0.727, and 0.725 for the proposed RF, SVM, and SGB models, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The logistic regression integrated with ML models could helpfully screen the risk factors for HBV infection and identify high-risk populations with CHB.

The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan\'s northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.

In 2020, China conducted a nationwide, sero-epidemiological, cross-sectional survey of viral hepatitis. The stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the permanent population aged 1-69 years, followed by questionnaire survey and sample collection and detection of the serological markers of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C viruses (HCV). A total of 4747 individuals aged 1-69 years were investigated in Zhejiang Province. The positive rates of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV were 4.3% and 0%, respectively. Compared to a similar sero-epidemiological survey in 1992, the 2020 survey showed that the HBV infection rate in Zhejiang Province decreased by 56.5%. In both surveys, HBV infection rate increased with age (in 1992, χ2  = 185.866, p = .000; in 2020, χ2  = 1383.836, p = .000). Compared with 1992, the positive anti-HCV rate in those aged 1-69 years in 2020 decreased by 100.0%. This result showed that the HBV vaccine and blood screening to prevent HBV and HCV infection significantly decreased the infection rate of HBV and HCV in the younger generation of Zhejiang province. However, the rate of HBV carriers aged 30-69 years was still high, which underscores the need to strengthen the management and treatment of chronic HBV infection. Hence, Zhejiang province can eliminate the public health threat of viral hepatitis.

Toxoplasma gondii infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans and non-human primates. Many cases of T. gondii infection in non-human primates have been reported worldwide. In this study, 15 monkeys were collected from zoos in Henan Province between 2016 and 2019. A modified agglutination test (MAT) (cut-off: 1:8) showed that 46.7% (7/15) of the heart juices had T. gondii IgG antibody transformation. One viable T. gondii strain was successfully isolated from the myocardium of a rhesus monkey by bioassay in mice. This strain was designated as TgMonkeyCHn1. The DNA of T. gondii tachyzoites was obtained using cell cultures, and the genotype of this strain was determined by PCR-RFLP with 10 markers and the virulence genes ROP5 and ROP18. The genotype and ROP18/ROP5 (3/6) of TgMonkeyCHn1 did not match any known genotypes. In addition, the TgMonkeyCHn1 formed low number of tissue cysts and was non-lethal to mice. To our knowledge, this is the first T. gondii strain isolated from Old World monkeys. Rhesus monkey is a new host record for T. gondii.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii infections and the awareness of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge among high-risk populations in Hangzhou City.
METHODS: The serum anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 100 HIV/AIDS patients, 100 cancer patients, 100 pregnant women and 100 healthy controls, and the awareness of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge was investigated using a questionnaire.
RESULTS: The sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection was 31%, 30% and 21% in HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients and pregnant women, which was all significantly higher than in healthy controls (χ2 = 14.68, 13.96 and 7.56, all P values < 0.01). The pregnant women had a high awareness rate of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge, and the healthy controls had a low awareness rate. In addition, the subjects had a low awareness rate regarding the questions including\"Do you know the damages of Toxoplasma gondii infections?\", \"Do you know that consumption of raw or uncooked meat may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?\", and\"Do you know that contact with contaminated soil may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?\".
CONCLUSIONS: The sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection is high among the high-risk populations in Hangzhou City, including the HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients and pregnant women, and these high-risk populations have a low awareness rate of some toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge. Therefore, it is essential to improve the health education of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge among the high-risk populations, so as to effectively prevent and control human T. gondii infections.
[摘要]目的 了解杭州市高危人群弓形虫感染和弓形虫病防治知识知晓情况。 方法 采用ELISA方法检测杭州市 100例HIV/AIDS患者、100例恶性肿瘤患者、100例孕妇和100例健康对照者血清抗弓形虫抗体, 对全部调查对象进行弓形虫病防治知识问卷调查。 结果 HIV/AIDS、恶性肿瘤患者和孕妇血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为31%、30%和21%, 均显著高于健康对照者的5% (χ2 = 14.68, 13.96和7.56, P均 < 0.01)。 孕妇对弓形虫病防治知识的知晓率整体较高, 健康对照者对弓形虫病防治知识的知晓率整体较低; 调查对象对“你知道弓形虫感染的危害吗？”、“你知道生食或食用未煮熟的肉类会感染弓形虫吗？”和“你知道接触被污染的土壤会感染弓形虫吗？”等问题的知晓率较低。 结论 杭州市HIV/AIDS、恶性肿瘤患者和孕妇等高危人群弓形虫感染率较高, 且对部分弓形虫病防治知识知晓率较低。 有必要加强对高危重点人群的弓形虫病防治知识健康教育, 有效预防和控制弓形虫感染。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness of toxoplasmosis-related knowledge among women with poor pregnant outcomes in Wuxi City.
METHODS: A total of 217 women with poor pregnant outcomes from Wuxi City during the period of January 2011 to December 2015 were randomly selected as the study subjects (a study group), while 250 women with normal pregnancy were served as controls (a control group). The sero-prevalence of T. gondii infection was detected by using ELISA and compared between the study and control groups. The awareness of toxoplasmosis-related knowledge was investigated by using a self-designed questionnaire and compared between the study and control groups.
RESULTS: The positive rate of anti-Toxoplasma antibody was 30.88% in the study group, which was significantly higher than that (8.8%) in the control group (χ2 = 36.7, P < 0.01). The positive rates of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were 20.74% and 10.14% in the study group respectively, which were significantly higher than those (6% and 2.8%) in the control group (χ2 = 22.53 and 10.74, both P values < 0.01). In addition, the positive rates of anti-Toxoplasma, anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were significantly higher in the women with missed miscarriage, natural abortion, stillbirth and birth defect than those in the women with normal pregnancy (all P values < 0.05). The awareness rates of \"Do you hear about Toxoplasma or toxoplasmosis?\" (P < 0.01), \"Do you know that breeding pet cats or dogs may cause Toxoplasma infection?\" (P < 0.05) and \"Do you know that pregnancy women require the detection of Toxoplasma infection?\" (P < 0.01) were significantly lower in the study group than those in the control group, while no significant differences were seen in the awareness rates of \"Do you know that eating hot pot may cause Toxoplasma infection?\", \"Do you know that the use of chopping block in regardless of cooked and uncooked food may cause Toxoplasma infection?\", \"Do you know that Toxoplasma infection may transfer from mother to fetus?\", \"Do you know that Toxoplasma infection may cause adverse pregnant outcomes like abortion, stillbirth or fetal abnormalities ?\", and \"Do you know that the women infected with T. gondii during pregnancy require treatment?\" between the two groups (all P values > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates higher prevalence of T. gondii infection in women with poor pregnant outcomes than in those with normal pregnancy in Wuxi City. Considering the harm of T. gondii infection during pregnancy and the low awareness of toxoplasmosis-related knowledge in pregnant women, the health education of toxoplasmosis-related knowledge should be strengthened, especially for pregnant women, so as to reduce the prevalence of T. gondii infection among pregnant women to improve the better child-bearing and rearing level.
[摘要]目的 调查无锡地区不良妊娠结局妇女弓形虫感染情况及弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 方法 以2011年1月 至2015年12月无锡市217例不良妊娠结局妇女作为研究对象 (试验组), 以250例正常妊娠妇女作为对照。采用ELISA 法检测并比较试验组和对照组血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率。采用自行设计的问卷对试验组和对照组妇女进行问卷调查, 比较两组弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 结果 试验组妇女血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率为30.88%, 显著高于正常妊娠妇女的 8.80% (χ2 = 36.70, P < 0.01); 抗弓形虫IgG 和IgM 抗体阳性率分别为20.74%和10.14%, 显著高于对照组的6.00%和 2.80% (χ2 = 22.53和10.74, P 均< 0.01)。此外, 以胎停、自然流产、早产和出生缺陷为妊娠结局的妇女血清抗弓形虫抗 体阳性率及血清抗弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体阳性率均显著高于正常妊娠妇女 (P 均< 0.05)。试验组妇女对 “你听说过弓形 虫或弓形虫病吗？” (P < 0.01)、 “你知道养宠物猫和犬会感染弓形虫吗？” (P < 0.05) 和 “你知道孕期需要进行弓形虫感染 检查吗？” (P < 0.01) 等3道问题的知晓率显著低于对照组, 而两组妇女对 “你知道吃火锅会感染弓形虫吗？” 、 “你知道家 中砧板生熟不分可能会导致弓形虫感染吗？” 、 “你知道孕妇感染弓形虫会传给胎儿吗？” 、 “你知道孕期弓形虫感染会导致 流产、死胎、胎儿畸形等不良妊娠结局吗？” 和 “你知道孕妇感染弓形虫需要治疗吗？” 等问题的知晓率差异无统计学意义 (P 均> 0.05)。 结论 无锡市地区不良妊娠妇女弓形虫感染率显著高于正常妊娠妇女。考虑到孕妇感染弓形虫的危害 以及孕妇对弓形虫病相关知识知晓率较低的现状, 应进一步加大弓形虫病相关知识宣传和健康教育力度, 特别是对备孕 妇女开展有针对性的弓形虫病健康教育, 以降低孕妇弓形虫感染率、提高优生优育水平。.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the illegal blood donors (IBDs) of central China in the early 1990s.
METHODS: A total of 546 blood samples were collected from the IBDs in Maanshan city, a questionnaire was completed by each subject, detailing the age, sex, and periods of blood or plasma donation. Anhui Province and tested for the anti-HEV antibodies. The seropositive samples were subjected to nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing to analyze HEV partial genome.
RESULTS: The prevalence of IgG and IgM HEV antibody in IBDs was 22.7% and 1.8%, and genotype 4 was the dominant circulating HEV type in IBDs. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly related to sex (OR = 4.905, P = 0.004) and increased with age (OR = 2.78, P = 0.022), which ranged from 13.0% in those < 40 years old to 30.6% among older persons aged > 60 years. Moreover, frequency of blood donation was significantly associated with HEV seropositivity (OR = 2.06, P = 0.006). HEV partial sequences of ORF2 and obtained 3 sequences in serum samples of 10 IBDs which developed HEV specific IgM.
CONCLUSIONS: This study helps define one of the possible routes of transmission of sporadic HEV infection and provides guidance to screen HEV in the blood donors so as to guarantee safe blood banks in China.