卤代苯醌(HBQs),饮用水中一种新兴的不受管制的消毒副产品(DBP)类别,引起了人们对其潜在健康风险的日益关注。然而,HBQs在环境相关浓度下的慢性毒性在很大程度上仍然未知。这里,使用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)检查了中国北方大城市饮用水中13种HBQs的发生和浓度。四个HBQ,包括2,6-二氯-1,4-苯醌(2,6-DCBQ),2,6-二溴-1,4-苯醌(2,6-DBBQ),2,3,6-三氯-1,4-苯醌(TriCBQ),和2,5-二溴-1,4-苯醌(2,5-DBBQ),检测到超过50%的发生频率,中值浓度为4至50ng/L。在这些浓度下研究了这四种HBQs对正常人结肠和肝细胞(FHC和THLE-2)的慢性毒性。暴露90天后,2,5-DBBQ和2,6-DCBQ在结肠和肝细胞中诱导最高水平的氧化应激和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤,分别。此外,还发现2,5-DBBQ和2,6-DCBQ通过细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)信号通路在正常人肝细胞中诱导上皮-间质转化(EMT)。重要的是,发现加热至100°C(沸腾)可有效降低饮用水中这四种HBQs的含量。这些结果表明,环境相关浓度的HBQs可以诱导正常人细胞的细胞毒性和遗传毒性,煮沸是一种高效的HBQs解毒方式。
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs), an emerging unregulated category of disinfection byproduct (DBP) in drinking water, have aroused an increasing concern over their potential health risks. However, the chronic toxicity of HBQs at environmentally relevant concentrations remains largely unknown. Here, the occurrence and concentrations of 13 HBQs in drinking water from a northern megacity in
China were examined using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Four HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TriCBQ), and 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), were detected beyond 50% occurrence frequency and at median concentrations from 4 to 50 ng/L. The chronic toxicity of these four HBQs to normal human colon and liver cells (FHC and THLE-2) was investigated at these concentrations. After 90 days of exposure, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced the highest levels of oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in colon and liver cells, respectively. Moreover, 2,5-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ were also found to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal human liver cells via the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Importantly, heating to 100 °C (boiling) was found to efficiently reduce the levels of these four HBQs in drinking water. These results suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of HBQs could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in normal human cells, and boiling is a highly efficient way of detoxification for HBQs.