钯纳米颗粒(PdNPs)作为主要的汽车尾气催化剂(VEC)在机动车中发挥着不可或缺的作用,以解决环境污染。配备有Pd基催化转化器的汽车在1970年代中期推出,并且由于许多发达国家和发展中国家实行严格的排放标准,对Pd的需求一直在稳步增长。然而,同时,Pd在VEC中的使用越来越多,导致了纳米Pd颗粒在环境中的释放,因此,成为新的环境污染源。文献中的现有报道显示,不同城市环境隔室中的Pd颗粒水平逐渐增加,并且Pd颗粒在植物等生物体中内化。水生物种和动物。居住在城市地区和主要高速公路附近的职业工人和普通人口最脆弱,因为他们可能长期暴露于PdNP。风险评估研究表明,PdNP在体外和体内模型中都具有急性和慢性毒性,但PdNP毒性的潜在机制仍未完全了解。该评论旨在为读者提供有关Pd的需求和供应的深入说明,PdNP在各种环境矩阵中的全球分布,它们被生物物种迁移和吸收,最后,他们的健康风险,以便作为促进安全和可持续技术进一步研究和开发的有用参考。
Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) play an integral role in motor vehicles as the primary vehicle exhaust catalyst (VEC) for tackling environmental pollution. Automobiles equipped with Pd-based catalytic converters were introduced in the mid-1970s and ever since the demand for Pd has steadily increased due to stringent emission standards imposed in many developed and developing countries. However, at the same time, the increasing usage of Pd in VECs has led to the release of nano-sized Pd particles in the environment, thus, emerging as a new source of environmental pollution. The present reports in the literature have shown gradual increasing levels of Pd particles in different urban environmental compartments and internalization of Pd particles in living organisms such as plants, aquatic species and animals. Occupational workers and the general population living in urban areas and near major highways are the most vulnerable as they may be chronically exposed to PdNPs. Risk assessment studies have shown acute and chronic toxicity exerted by PdNPs in both in-vitro and in-vivo models but the underlying mechanism of PdNPs toxicity is still not fully understood. The
review intends to provide readers with an in-depth account on the demand and supply of Pd, global distribution of PdNPs in various environmental matrices, their migration and uptake by living species and lastly, their health risks, so as to serve as a useful reference to facilitate further research and development for safe and sustainable technology.