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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to externally validate the Birmingham Atypical Cartilage Tumour Imaging Protocol (BACTIP) recommendations for differentiation/follow-up of central cartilage tumours (CCTs) of the proximal humerus, distal femur, and proximal tibia and to propose BACTIP adaptations if the results provide new insights.
METHODS: MRIs of 123 patients (45 ± 11 years, 37 men) with an untreated CCT with MRI follow-up (n = 62) or histopathological confirmation (n = 61) were retrospectively/consecutively included and categorised following the BACTIP (2003-2020 / Ghent University Hospital/Belgium). Tumour length and endosteal scalloping differences between enchondroma, atypical cartilaginous tumour (ACT), and high-grade chondrosarcoma (CS II/III/dedifferentiated) were evaluated. ROC-curve analysis for differentiating benign from malignant CCTs and for evaluating the BACTIP was performed.
RESULTS: For lesion length and endosteal scalloping, ROC-AUCs were poor and fair-excellent, respectively, for differentiating different CCT groups (0.59-0.69 versus 0.73-0.91). The diagnostic performance of endosteal scalloping and the BACTIP was higher than that of lesion length. A 1° endosteal scalloping cut-off differentiated enchondroma from ACT + high-grade chondrosarcoma with a sensitivity of 90%, reducing the potential diagnostic delay. However, the specificity was 29%, inducing overmedicalisation (excessive follow-up). ROC-AUC of the BACTIP was poor for differentiating enchondroma from ACT (ROC-AUC = 0.69; 95%CI = 0.51-0.87; p = 0.041) and fair-good for differentiation between other CCT groups (ROC-AUC = 0.72-0.81). BACTIP recommendations were incorrect/unsafe in five ACTs and one CSII, potentially inducing diagnostic delay. Eleven enchondromas received unnecessary referrals/follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Although promising as a useful tool for management/follow-up of CCTs of the proximal humerus, distal femur, and proximal tibia, five ACTs and one chondrosarcoma grade II were discharged, potentially inducing diagnostic delay, which could be reduced by adapting BACTIP cut-off values.
CONCLUSIONS: Mostly, Birmingham Atypical Cartilage Tumour Imaging Protocol (BACTIP) assesses central cartilage tumours of the proximal humerus and the knee correctly. Both when using the BACTIP and when adapting cut-offs, caution should be taken for the trade-off between underdiagnosis/potential diagnostic delay in chondrosarcomas and overmedicalisation in enchondromas.
CONCLUSIONS: • This retrospective external validation confirms the Birmingham Atypical Cartilage Tumour Imaging Protocol as a useful tool for initial assessment and follow-up recommendation of central cartilage tumours in the proximal humerus and around the knee in the majority of cases. • Using only the Birmingham Atypical Cartilage Tumour Imaging Protocol, both atypical cartilaginous tumours and high-grade chondrosarcomas (grade II, grade III, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas) can be misdiagnosed, excluding them from specialist referral and further follow-up, thus creating a potential risk of delayed diagnosis and worse prognosis. • Adapted cut-offs to maximise detection of atypical cartilaginous tumours and high-grade chondrosarcomas, minimise underdiagnosis and reduce potential diagnostic delay in malignant tumours but increase unnecessary referral and follow-up of benign tumours.

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This study aimed to introduce a technique of external fixation using a combination of bone cement and K-wires, to treat pathological fractures related to solitary digital enchondroma close to the finger joints.
From October 2015 to January 2021, 21 patients (8 males and 13 females) with acute pathological fracture due to solitary digital enchondroma close to the finger joints were treated with cemented K-wire external fixators. Mean age was 32 (19-51) years. The digits involved were the index (n = 4), long (n = 4), ring (n = 6), and little (n = 7) fingers. Time to bone healing and complications were assessed. At final follow-up, active range of motion, grip strength and key pinch strength of the tumor-involved and contralateral healthy digits were measured and compared. Functional outcomes were evaluated on Takigawa criteria. Pain was measured on a 10-cm visual analog scale. We assessed the affected upper extremity on the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score questionnaire.
Mean bone healing time was 5.5 (4-8) weeks. Pin site infection was observed in 1 patient and cured with dressing changes. Mean follow-up was 34 months, with no recurrences or refractures. Mean active range of motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint, grip and key pinch strength of the involved digits reached 92%, 97%, and 99% of the contralateral digits, respectively. On Takigawa criteria, 20 functional results were excellent and 1 good. Mean pain score was 1 (0-3) cm. Mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 95 (80-100).
The combination of bone cement and K-wires is a reliable technique for pathological fracture related to solitary enchondroma close to the joints of the digits, leading to good functional outcomes.
Therapeutic study, Level IVa.

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皮肤软骨瘤是一种软骨来源的良性肿瘤，发生于真皮或皮下组织。本文报道1例4岁儿童，右颈部有一蚕豆大小的肿物，质地硬。镜下观察组织表面被覆鳞状上皮，皮下纤维组织内可见两处边界清楚、呈分叶状的成熟透明软骨构成的细胞岛，软骨细胞未见明显异型性。免疫组织化学结果：p63阳性，Ki-67阳性指数1%，S-100蛋白阳性，p53阴性。病理诊断为皮肤软骨瘤。该疾病主要与软骨性错构瘤、骨膜软骨瘤、滑膜软骨瘤及皮肤混合瘤相鉴别。手术全切除是首选治疗方法，切除不完整可能导致复发。.

软组织软骨瘤（STC）是一种由分化成熟的透明软骨组织组成的良性肿瘤。大多发生于手足部位的浅表软组织内，位于肝脏者极为罕见。本文报道1例肝脏STC，镜下观察该例患者肿瘤组织为分化良好的软骨组织，软骨细胞细胞核小而扁平，未见病理性核分裂象，肿瘤周围可见由纤维结缔组织形成的假包膜，可见炎性细胞浸润。免疫组织化学表型：S-100蛋白广泛阳性，CD34阴性，Ki-67阳性指数<1%。STC临床表现不明显，依据临床病理组织学特征及免疫组织化学表型可确诊，局部手术切除为其首选治疗方式。.

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A chondroma is a common benign cartilaginous tumor. However, a primary soft tissue chondroma of the posterior mediastinum is very rare. We herein report a case involving a 51-year-old man with a posterior mediastinal mass. The mass was dissected by thoracoscopy through the eighth intercostal space. Pathological examination led to a definitive diagnosis of a primary mediastinal chondroma with no criteria of malignancy. Preoperative diagnosis of a posterior mediastinal soft tissue chondroma is not easy because of its rarity and lack of typical features other than calcification. When a posterior mediastinal well-circumscribed soft tissue mass contains calcification and shows no obvious enhancement, the possibility of a soft tissue chondroma should be considered.