近年来,纳米级检测在病毒研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用,外泌体,小细菌,和细胞器。这些颗粒的小尺寸和复杂的生物学性质,已知最小的病毒颗粒直径只有17nm,外泌体大小从30nm到150nm,对经典的大规模(通常是微米级)表征方法构成挑战,这已成为研究的主要障碍。纳米级检测和分析技术的出现填补了光学显微镜的空白,该领域的常规技术。这些技术能够对超过光学检测下限的物体进行灵敏而可靠的检测,同时揭示分子组成和生物学作用。目前,几种基于纳米技术的商业化仪器已经出现,提供完整的单粒子检测解决方案,并基于各自的技术优势实现独特的功能。然而,这些技术在应用和检测能力方面不可避免地存在局限性,随着它们的不断发展。本文对这些原则进行了全面的概述,优势,局限性,以及几种主流商用仪器的未来发展趋势,旨在为研究人员选择和利用这些技术提供服务。
In recent years, nanoscale detection has played an increasingly important role in the research on viruses, exosomes, small bacteria, and organelles. The small size and complex biological natures of these particles, with the smallest known virus particle measuring only 17 nm in diameter and exosomes ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm in size, pose challenges to the classical large-scale (typically micron-scale) characterization methods, which has become a major obstacle in the research. The emergence of nanoscale detection and analysis technologies has filled the gap of optical microscopy, a conventional technique in this field. These technologies enable the sensitive and robust detection of objects that exceed the lower limit of optical detection, revealing the molecular composition and biological roles simultaneously. Currently, several commercialized instruments based on nanotechnology have emerged, providing complete single-particle detection solutions and achieving unique functionality based on their respective technological advantages. However, it is inevitable that these technologies have limitations in terms of application and detection capabilities, as they continue to evolve. This paper offers a thorough overview of the principles, advantages, limitations, and future development trends of several mainstream commercial instruments, aiming to serve researchers in selecting and utilizing these technologies.