暂无摘要。

Data regarding the association of sarcopenia with chronic lung disease (CLD) has led to inconclusive results. The main goal of this research was to investigate the association between sarcopenia and CLD in middle-aged and elderly individuals in China.
The study sample consisted of 11,077 individuals without CLD at baseline chosen from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data from 2015, followed up until 2018. Sarcopenia was identified utilizing the criteria set by the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS 2019) in 2019. Individuals were categorized into no-sarcopenia, possible-sarcopenia, and sarcopenia groups. The outcome of the study was considered to be incident CLD, which included chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, and asthma. The association between sarcopenia and the risk of CLD was also examined by employing weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models.
A total of 356 (3.20 %) participants developed CLD during the 3.6-year follow-up period. The cumulative incidence of CLD in the no-sarcopenia, possible-sarcopenia, and sarcopenia groups was 2.80 % (230/8222), 4.37 % (55/1260), and 4.45 % (71/1595), respectively. Individuals with possible sarcopenia {hazard ratio [HR] [95 % confidence interval (CI)]: 1.48 [1.04-2.09]} and sarcopenia [HR (95 % CI): 1.68 (1.12-2.51)] demonstrated a considerably high risk of developing CLD compared to individuals in the no-sarcopenia group. Moreover, individuals diagnosed with sarcopenia, as per the criteria established by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2018, were at considerably high risk for developing CLD compared to those in the no-sarcopenia group.
This research involving adult Chinese individuals demonstrated a significant association between, possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia with an elevated risk of incident CLD, thereby emphasizing the importance of monitoring respiratory health in this population.
Question: Whether muscle mass and sarcopenia are associated with the development of chronic lung disease (CLD) in Asian middle-aged and elderly individuals.
This longitudinal study encompassing 11,077 adults aged ≥45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data with 3.6 years of follow-up revealed a positive association between sarcopenia at baseline and incidence of CLD. Meaning: The findings suggest that possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia are linked to the development of CLD. Consequently, middle-aged and elderly individuals with possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia can be considered vulnerable regarding the primary prevention strategies for CLD.

Epidemiological studies have widely proven the impact of ozone (O3) on respiratory mortality, while only a few studies compared the association between different O3 indicators and health.
This study explores the relationship between daily respiratory hospitalization and multiple ozone indicators in Guangzhou, China, from 2014 to 2018. It uses a time-stratified case-crossover design. Sensitivities of different age and gender groups were analyzed for the whole year, the warm and the cold periods. We compared the results from the single-day lag model and the moving average lag model.
The results showed that the maximum daily 8 h average ozone concentration (MDA8 O3) had a significant effect on the daily respiratory hospitalization. This effect was stronger than for the maximum daily 1 h average ozone concentration (MDA1 O3). The results further showed that O3 was positively associated with daily respiratory hospitalization in the warm season, while there was a significantly negative association in the cold season. Specifically, in the warm season, O3 has the most significant effect at lag 4 day, with the odds ratio (OR) equal to 1.0096 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.0032, 1.0161]. Moreover, at the lag 5 day, the effect of O3 on the 15-60 age group was less than that on people older than 60 years, with the OR value of 1.0135 (95% CI: 1.0041, 1.0231) for the 60+ age group; women were more sensitive than men to O3 exposure, with an OR value equal to 1.0094 (95% CI: 0.9992, 1.0196) for the female group.
These results show that different O3 indicators measure different impacts on respiratory hospitalization admission. Their comparative analysis provided a more comprehensive insight into exploring associations between O3 exposure and respiratory health.

Despite increasing concerns about the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health, limited evidence is available on these effects in the Hong Kong population, especially in children. In this prospective cohort study between 2012 and 2017, we aimed to investigate the associations between exposure to air pollution (concentrations of fine particulate matter [PM2.5] and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and respiratory health (lung function parameters and respiratory diseases and symptoms) in schoolchildren. We recruited 5612 schoolchildren aged 6-16 years in Hong Kong. We estimated the annual average concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and NO2 at each participant\'s address using spatiotemporal models. We conducted spirometry tests on all participants to measure their lung function parameters and used a self-administered questionnaire to collect information on their respiratory diseases and symptoms and a wide range of covariates. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the associations between exposure to air pollution and lung function. Mixed-effects logistic regression models with random effects were used to investigate the associations of exposure to air pollution with respiratory diseases and symptoms. In all of the participants, every 5-μg/m3 increase in the ambient PM2.5 concentration was associated with changes of - 13.90 ml (95 % confidence interval [CI]: -23.65 ml, -4.10 ml), - 4.20 ml (-15.60 ml, 7.15 ml), 27.20 ml/s (-3.95 ml/s, 58.35 ml/s), and - 19.80 ml/s (-38.35 ml/s, -1.25 ml/s) in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and maximal mid-expiratory flow, respectively. The corresponding lung function estimates for every 5-μg/m3 increase in the ambient NO2 concentration were - 2.70 ml (-6.05 ml, 0.60 ml), - 1.40 ml (-5.40 ml, 2.60 ml), - 6.60 ml/s (-19.75 ml/s, 6.55 ml/s), and - 3.05 ml/s (-11.10 ml/s, 5.00 ml/s), respectively. We did not observe significant associations between PM2.5/NO2 exposure and most respiratory diseases and symptoms. Stratified analyses by sex and age showed that the associations between exposure to air pollution and lung function parameters were stronger in male participants and older participants (11-14 year old group) than in female participants and younger participants (6-10 year old group), respectively. Our results suggest that chronic exposure to air pollution is detrimental to the respiratory health of schoolchildren, especially that of older boys. Our findings reinforce the importance of air pollution mitigation to protect schoolchildren\'s respiratory health.

Rationale: Recent evidence highlights the importance of optimal lung development during childhood for health throughout life. Objectives: To explore the plasticity of individual lung function states during childhood. Methods: Prebronchodilator FEV1 z-scores determined at age 8, 16, and 24 years in the Swedish population-based birth cohort BAMSE (Swedish abbreviation for Child [Barn], Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiological study) (N = 3,069) were used. An unbiased, data-driven dependent mixture model was applied to explore lung function states and individual state chains. Lung function catch-up was defined as participants moving from low or very low states to normal or high or very high states, and growth failure as moving from normal or high or very high states to low or very low states. At 24 years, we compared respiratory symptoms, small airway function (multiple-breath washout), and circulating inflammatory protein levels, by using proteomics, across states. Models were replicated in the independent Dutch population-based PIAMA (Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy) cohort. Measurements and Main Results: Five lung function states were identified in BAMSE. Lung function catch-up and growth failure were observed in 74 (14.5%) BAMSE participants with low or very low states and 36 (2.4%) participants with normal or high or very high states, respectively. The occurrence of catch-up and growth failure was replicated in PIAMA. Early-life risk factors were cumulatively associated with the very low state, as well as with catch-up (inverse association) and growth failure. The very low state as well as growth failure were associated with respiratory symptoms, airflow limitation, and small airway dysfunction at adulthood. Proteomics identified IL-6 and CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine 10) as potential biomarkers of impaired lung function development. Conclusions: Individual lung function states during childhood are plastic, including catch-up and growth failure.

Phthalates are a kind of synthetic plasticizers, which extensively used as plastic productions to improve their plasticity and flexibility. However, exposure to phthalates has been proved an increased risk of respiratory disease, because by they affect the development and functions of the lung and immune system. Here, we attempt to review respiratory health of phthalate exposure. Firstly, we describe the relationship between phthalates and lung function and airway inflammation. Then, the role of phthalates in asthma, lung cancer, rhinitis, and respiratory tract infections and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed. Finally, possible effective measures to reduce exposure to phthalates are proposed, and health care workers are called upon to provide educational resources and advocate for informed public health policies. Overall, the evidence for association between phthalate exposure and respiratory disease is weak and inconsistent. Therefore, thorough implementation in large populations is needed to produce more consistent and robust results and to enhance the overall understanding of the potential respiratory health risks of phthalate in long-term exposure.

Numerous studies shown that particulate matter in the ambient environment has a significant impact on the health of the respiratory system. To understand the interrelationships between urban built environment, transportation operations and health, this study proposes an innovative approach that uses real-world GPS datasets to calculate energy consumption and emissions from transportation. The experiment used the traffic operation state in the Fourth Ring Road of Beijing as the research object and tested the impact of using the Regional speed optimization (RSO) strategy based on Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) on energy consumption and emissions during peak hours. The impact of traffic emission on the health of roadside pedestrians is also considered. Changes in PM2.5 concentrations around four different built-up areas were calculated and compared. The computational experiments indicate that the PM2.5 pollutants exhausted by the traffic on the Ring Road during peak hours can reach up to 250 μg/m 3, while the traffic emission on general roads near residential areas is only 50 μg/m 3. Adopting Regional speed optimization can reduce the energy consumption of the road network by up to 18.8%. For roadside runners, the PM2.5 inhalation caused by night running in commercial and recreational areas is about 1.3-2.6 times that of night running in residential areas. Compared with morning or night running, the risk of respiratory disease caused by PM2.5 inhalation was about 10.3% higher than commuter running behavior. The research results provide a useful reference for energy conservation and emission reduction control strategies for different road types in cities and help existing cities to establish a traveler health evaluation system caused by traffic operation.

During the excavation of high gas mine, gas and dust often exist at the same time. In order to ensure that the gas concentration remains within a safe range and minimize the risk of workers\' pneumoconiosis, we simulated the interaction mechanism of airflow, gas, and dust, explored the pollution law of gas and dust, and obtained the optimal purification distance (Lp) by the CFD method. The reliability of the numerical simulation was verified by field measurements. Firstly, the properties of the gas and dust affected the structure of the airflow field. At the same time, the change in the airflow field affected the concentration distributions of the gas and dust. During the diffusion process, some high-risk regions in which the gas or dust concentrations exceeded 0.80% or 200 mg/m3, respectively, were discovered. Moreover, we have found that the airflow velocity in the top region of the tunnel and at the intersection corner between the cutting face and tunnel wall was the main factor affecting the purification effects. When Lp = 5-8 m, the gas concentration remained below 0.50%. When Lp = 6 m, the dust concentration reached a minimum of 287.5 mg/m3. Therefore, the optimal purification distance was determined to be 6 m; in which case, the gas and dust concentrations decreased by 32.84% and 47.02%, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory diseases are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and are exacerbated by air pollution and temperature.
OBJECTIVE: To assess published literature on the effect of air pollution modified by temperature on respiratory mortality and hospital admissions.
METHODS: We identified 26,656 papers in PubMed and Web of Science, up to March 2021, and selected for analysis; inclusion criteria included observational studies, short-term air pollution, and temperature exposure. Air pollutants considered were particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μg/m3, and 10 μg/m3 (PM2.5, and PM10), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A random-effects model was used for our meta-analysis.
RESULTS: For respiratory mortality we found that when the effect PM10 is modified by high temperatures there is an increased pooled Odds Ratio [OR, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)] of 1.021 (1.008 to 1.034) and for the effect of O3 the pooled OR is 1.006 (1.001-1.012) during the warm season. For hospital admissions, the effects of PM10 and O3 respectively, during the warm season found an increased pooled OR of 1.011 (0.999-1.024), and 1.015 (0.995-1.036). In our analysis for low temperatures, results were inconsistent.
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to air pollution when modified by high temperature is likely to increase the odds of respiratory mortality and hospital admissions. Analysis on the interaction effect of air pollution and temperature on health outcomes is a relatively new research field and results are largely inconsistent; therefore, further research is encouraged to establish a more conclusive conclusion on the strength and direction of this effect.

The ocean provides resources key to human health and well-being, including food, oxygen, livelihoods, blue spaces, and medicines. The global threat to these resources posed by accelerating ocean acidification is becoming increasingly evident as the world\'s oceans absorb carbon dioxide emissions. While ocean acidification was initially perceived as a threat only to the marine realm, here we argue that it is also an emerging human health issue. Specifically, we explore how ocean acidification affects the quantity and quality of resources key to human health and well-being in the context of: (1) malnutrition and poisoning, (2) respiratory issues, (3) mental health impacts, and (4) development of medical resources. We explore mitigation and adaptation management strategies that can be implemented to strengthen the capacity of acidifying oceans to continue providing human health benefits. Importantly, we emphasize that the cost of such actions will be dependent upon the socioeconomic context; specifically, costs will likely be greater for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, exacerbating the current inequitable distribution of environmental and human health challenges. Given the scale of ocean acidification impacts on human health and well-being, recognizing and researching these complexities may allow the adaptation of management such that not only are the harms to human health reduced but the benefits enhanced.