淫羊藿苷,类黄酮苷,是从淫羊藿中提取的。本研究旨在探讨淫羊藿苷通过抑制高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)相关炎症对1型糖尿病大鼠血管的保护作用及其可能机制。通过血管反应性研究在链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠中评估淫羊藿苷对血管功能障碍的影响。进行蛋白质印迹和免疫荧光测定以测量靶蛋白的表达。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)测量HMGB1和促炎细胞因子的释放。结果表明,淫羊藿苷给药可增强乙酰胆碱诱导的糖尿病大鼠主动脉血管舒张功能。它还显著减少了促炎细胞因子的释放,包括白细胞介素-8(IL-8),IL-6,IL-1β,和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在糖尿病大鼠和高糖(HG)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)中的作用。结果还揭示了rHMGB1可以增加HUVECs培养基中的促炎细胞因子。HMGB1释放增加,HMGB1相关炎症因子表达上调,包括糖基化终产物(RAGE),Toll样受体4(TLR4),在糖尿病大鼠和HG诱导的HUVECs中磷酸化p65(p-p65),被淫羊藿苷显著抑制。值得注意的是,淫羊藿苷抑制HMGB1在HG作用下从细胞核到细胞质的转位。同时,淫羊藿苷可以激活G蛋白偶联雌激素受体(GPER)和sirt1。探讨GPER和Sirt1在淫羊藿苷抑制HMGB1释放和HMGB诱导的炎症反应中的作用。在本研究中使用GPER抑制剂和Sirt1抑制剂。这些抑制剂降低了淫羊藿苷对HMGB1释放和HMGB1诱导的炎症的作用。具体来说,GPER抑制剂还否定了淫羊藿苷对Sirt1的激活。这些发现表明淫羊藿苷激活GPER并增加Sirt1的表达,进而减少HMGB1的易位和释放,从而通过抑制炎症反应改善1型糖尿病大鼠的血管内皮功能。
Icariin, a flavonoid glycoside, is extracted from Epimedium. This study aimed to investigate the vascular protective effects of icariin in type 1 diabetic rats by inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-related inflammation and exploring its potential mechanisms. The impact of icariin on vascular dysfunction was assessed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats through vascular reactivity studies. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were performed to measure the expressions of target proteins. The release of HMGB1 and pro-inflammation cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results revealed that icariin administration enhanced acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the aortas of diabetic rats. It also notably reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in diabetic rats and high glucose (HG)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results also unveiled that the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the culture medium of HUVECs could be increased by rHMGB1. The increased release of HMGB1 and upregulated expressions of HMGB1-related inflammatory factors, including advanced glycation end products (RAGE), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) in diabetic rats and HG-induced HUVECs, were remarkably suppressed by icariin. Notably, HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in HUVECs under HG was inhibited by icariin. Meanwhile, icariin could activate G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and sirt1. To explore the role of GPER and Sirt1 in the inhibitory effect of icariin on HMGB1 release and HMGB-induced inflammation, GPER inhibitor and Sirt1 inhibitor were used in this study. These inhibitors diminished the effects of icariin on HMGB1 release and HMGB1-induced inflammation. Specifically, the GPER inhibitor also negated the activation of Sirt1 by icariin. These findings suggest that icariin activates GPER and increases the expression of Sirt1, which in turn reduces HMGB1 translocation and release, thereby improving vascular endothelial function in type 1 diabetic rats by inhibiting inflammation.