Due to deep location and for being adjacent to neurovascular structures, petroclival meningiomas (PCMs) are generally considered to be associated with a high rate of recurrence and cranial nerve deficits.1 This video presents a 49-year-old female patient reporting right trigeminal neuralgia for more than 1 year. The incidence of this symptom with PCMs is about 5%.2 According to the classification system proposed by Kawase et al.3 and Ichimura et al.,4 this is a tentorium type PCM. A modified anterior petrosectomy approach was adopted based on the tumor size and its origin. The case presentation, surgical technique, postoperative outcome are reviewed. The treatments to the intraoperative trochlear nerve injury and temporal bridging vein occlusion are displayed (Video 1). The patient gave verbal consent for participating in the procedure and surgical video.

OBJECTIVE: The narrow supralabyrinthine space affects surgical procedures. To study the effect of temporary transposition of geniculate ganglion of facial nerve versus nontransposition on lesion recurrence and facial nerve function in patients with petrous bone cholesteatoma.
METHODS: A total of 18 patients with petrous bone cholesteatoma involving the facial nerve were treated in our hospital from November 2016 to March 2023. The main surgical method is the extended supralabyrinthine approach assisted by a microscope and an endoscope. We collected and retrospectively analyzed their medical records.
RESULTS: Temporary facial nerve transposition was performed in five patients, and nontransposition was performed in 13 patients. Cholesteatoma recurred in three patients with facial nerve nontransposition, whereas none in patients with facial nerve transposition. In this study, except for one case with a second operation, postoperative facial paralysis in other cases was improved to varying degrees, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Temporary transposition of geniculate ganglion of facial nerve will not affect the postoperative nerve function of patients and can reduce the possibility of cholesteatoma recurrence of the petrous bone.

The study was designed to identify new landmarks in the parapharyngeal segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) for nasopharyngectomy and describe a surgical procedure of endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid nasopharyngectomy (EETPN).
Four cadaveric specimens were injected with colored silicone and subjected to CT scanning before dissection. The nasopharyngeal skull base was exposed using the endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approach. The clinical data of four patients with nasopharyngeal malignances who underwent EETPN were reviewed.
The lateral edge of the longus capitis muscle medially; the foramen lacerum, petrous apex spine and the stump of the levator veli palatini muscle superior laterally; and the upper parapharyngeal ICA laterally constitute the ICA-longus capitis muscle-petrous apex spine triangle which was a novel landmark for the upper parapharyngeal segment of the ICA.
The ICA-longus capitis muscle-petrous apex spine triangle are important landmarks of the upper parapharyngeal segment of the ICA.

Background: The retrolabyrinthine approach helps clinicians perform complex surgeries such as vestibular neurectomy, resection of petrous apex cholesteatoma, or use this space to complete endoscopic combined with microscope surgical operations in a relatively safe buffer space. Some of our current studies using 3D reconstruction in the clinic have also helped us perform some complex surgical procedures.Objective: This study aims to reveal the relationship between important structures in retrolabyrinthine space through objective parameters. These measurement data help clinicians locate intraoperatively and provide a reference for clinical surgery. Also, we are intended to help improve surgical techniques and expand the operating space to increase reachable anatomic structure.Material and Methods: The inner structures of the temporal bone from HRCT (High-resolution computed tomography) images which were taken at the Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University were reconstructed. Precise measurement of the structures was accomplished by using the software 3D-Slicer (3D Slicer, https://www.slicer.org/; version 4.8.0, Massachusetts, USA).Results: 3D model of temporal bone structures, including the cochlea, semicircular canals (SCCs), the internal auditory canal (IAC), facial nerve (FN), jugular bulb(JB), and carotid artery was reconstructed. The combination of HRCT and 3D models is utilized to analyze the Quantitative data of the retrolabyrinthine space and its adjacent structures.Conclusions and Significance: 3D reconstruction of CT images clearly displayed the detailed structures of the temporal bone. Surgical adaptability of the retrolabyrinthine approach can be assessed preoperatively by image and other methods, and anatomical parameters play an important role in the retrolabyrinthine space. Therefore, this study helps to skeleton the bone as much as possible to expand the surgical space, so that the surgeon can contact the anatomical structure more diversified to expand the surgical indications.

Extended anterior transpetrosal approach (ATPA) includes drilling the petrous bone to achieve maximal exposure of the petroclival region. Injuring of surrounding neurovascular structures, such as the internal carotid artery (ICA), during the procedure may result in severe complications. In this study, we aimed to use computer topographic images to provide comprehensive anatomic information on the petrous bone and surrounding structures to help surgeons during the extended ATPA. Computer topographic angiography images of 110 individuals were reviewed, and measurements were performed on coronal, sagittal, and axial planes following multiplanar reformation. The petrous apex and sagittal midline were used to locate the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the petrous bone and petrosal segment of the ICA during the ATPA. The thicknesses of the petrous bone were 3.28±0.71, 3.53±0.88, and 7.02±1.11 mm at the petrous apex, trigeminal impression, and internal opening of internal auditory canal (IAC) positions, respectively. The distances between the petrous apex to the trigeminal impression, internal opening of the IAC, auris interna, and labyrinth were 7.39±1.62, 15.95±2.48, 17.39±2.39, and 29.00±3.18 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the petrosal segment of the ICA was located at the above landmarks on the petrous bone. Our findings provide anatomic information on the petrous bone and surrounding structures during the extended ATPA procedure based on fixed anatomic landmarks so as to achieve maximal exposure and reduce the number of complications.

Congenital temporal bone cholesteatoma is a rare lesion in otolaryngology.The disease is locally invasive and may lead to significant complications,including hearing loss（conductive or sensorineural）, temporal bone destruction and intracranial invasion. This article reviews the characteristic symptoms of congenital temporal bone cholesteatoma, testing and imaging of the disease, stage and the current treatment options in order to promote awareness to this rare disease entity and perform early surgical treatment, effectively avoid the destruction of the temporal bone and its surrounding structures, thereby reducing the occurrence of complications. By improving the understanding of the disease and performing early surgical treatment, the destruction of the temporal bone and its surrounding structures can be effectively avoided, thereby reducing the occurrence of complications.
摘要: 先天性颞骨胆脂瘤是耳鼻喉科的罕见疾病，具有侵袭性，可能导致包括听力损失（传导性或感音神经性）、颞骨破坏以及颅内侵犯等严重并发症。本文回顾了先天性颞骨胆脂瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、分期和目前的治疗方案，以期提高认识，及时进行手术治疗，避免胆脂瘤对于颞骨及周围结构的破坏，从而减少并发症。.

BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal bone cysts are expansile benign lesions associated with compressive destruction and obscure pathogenesis. The most common sites of temporal bone involvement are the petrous apex, squamous portions and mastoid.
METHODS: This paper reports a right temporal aneurysmal bone cyst in a 51-year-old man who presented clinically with facial palsy, and hearing loss and impaired vestibular function. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings were consistent with a diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst. Inter-operative findings showed that the lesion had caused compressive damage to the internal auditory canal. Following surgical excision, the patient experienced vertigo, indicating recovery of vestibular function. Follow-up imaging revealed complete resection without clinical recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of aneurysmal bone cyst invasion of the inner auditory canal. Our clinical experience indicates that vestibular nerve damage recovery is relatively uncommon. This case report will hopefully inform future studies.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and surgical outcomes of petrous bone cholesteatomas (PBCs). Methods: Data from 39 PBCs patients treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xijing Hospital from September 2011 to December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively, including 23 males, 16 femals, aged 12-71 years old, with the median age of 37. Clinical classifications, surgical methods, facial and hearing function, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were made summary analysis. Results: In this study, five patients were congenital PBCs and 34 patients were acquired PBCs. The common clinical symptoms were hearing loss (100%, 39/39), ear discharge/pus (89.7%, 35/39) and facial paralysis (46.2%, 18/39). According to Sanna\'s classification, 14 cases were supralabyrinthine, including three cases underwent transcochlear (TC) approach, six cases underwent transotic (TO) approach and five underwent translabyrinthine (TL) approach. 10 cases were infralabyrinthine, including eight cases underwent subtotal petrosectomy, one case underwent TO approach and one underwent TL approach.10 cases were massive, including seven cases underwent TC approach, three cases underwent TO approach. Five cases were infralabyrinthine-apical, including two cases underwent TC approach, two cases underwent TO approach, and one case underwent endoscope assisted infratemporal fossa type B. The degree of facial nerve (FN) dysfunction from high to low was massive (6/10), supralabyrinthine (8/14), infralabyrinthine-apical (2/5) and infralabyrinthine (2/10). 19 cases involved in facial nerve operation, three cases underwent FN decompression, four cases underwent FN rerouting, four cases underwent nerve grafting, and one case underwent facial-hypoglossal anastomosis. Preoperative FN involvement in 18 cases, and the FN function was improved in 14 cases after surgery. The improved rate of postoperative FN function was 77.8%. The bone conducted hearing retained 50.0% (14/28) postoperatively. Five cases with cerebrospinal fluid leak were managed by inserting free muscle plugs and cavity obliteration. Two cases with the cholesteatomas matrix involved the sigmoid sinus and the jugular bulb, and occlusion of the sigmoid sinus was performed. Postoperatively, two patients presented with synkinesis. The patients were followed up for 40 to 115 months, and there was no recurrence. Conclusions: There are no specific clinical manifestations for PBCs, thus, it is difficult in early diagnosis and treatment. According to Sanna\'s classification, preoperative FN and hearing function, the best surgical approach should be selected with minimal recurrences and perioperative morbidity.
目的： 探讨分析岩部胆脂瘤的病变特点、手术方式和疗效。 方法： 回顾性分析2011年9月至2017年12月空军军医大学西京医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的39例随访时间超过3年、资料完整的颞骨岩部胆脂瘤患者的临床资料，其中男性23例，女性16例，年龄12~71岁，中位年龄37岁，总结分析其病变分型、手术方式、面听神经功能以及术中、术后并发症等。 结果： 本组患者中先天性岩部胆脂瘤5例，获得性岩部胆脂瘤34例。常见临床症状分别为听力下降（100%，39/39）、耳溢液/流脓（89.7%，35/39）以及面神经麻痹（46.2%，18/39）。按Sanna分型，迷路上型岩部胆脂瘤14例，其中3例采用耳蜗径路、6例采用耳囊径路、5例采用迷路径路；迷路下型岩部胆脂瘤10例，其中8例采用岩骨次全切、1例采用耳囊径路、1例采用迷路径路；广泛型岩部胆脂瘤10例，其中7例采用耳蜗径路、3例采用耳囊径路；迷路下-岩尖型岩部胆脂瘤5例，其中2例采用耳蜗径路、2例采用耳囊径路、1例行耳内镜辅助颞下窝B型径路。面神经受累率由高到低依次为广泛型（6/10）、迷路上型（8/14）、迷路下-岩尖型（2/5）、迷路下型（2/10）。19例术中涉及面神经手术操作，3例行面神经全程减压，4例行面神经改道吻合，4例行面神经耳大神经移植，1例行面神经-舌下神经吻合，面神经移位者7例。18例患者术前面神经受累，术后14例面神经功能得以改善，术后面神经功能改善率为77.8%（14/18）。手术多采用颞侧入路，骨导听力保存率为50.0%（14/28）。术中5例发生脑脊液漏，给予肌肉填塞并封腔处理；2例因病变粘在乙状窦和颈静脉球表面较难剥离，术中予以填塞并结扎乙状窦。术后2例患者出现面肌联动。术后随访40~115个月，无复发病例。 结论： 颞骨岩部胆脂瘤临床表现缺乏特异性，早期诊断具有一定难度。应根据病变类型及面听神经功能，选择合适的手术方式，以达到在彻底清除病变的同时，保护重要神经和血管功能，降低术后并发症和复发率。.

The petrous apex is one of the most challenging areas of the skull base to access.
We present a case of residual petrous apex chordoma posterolateral to the paraclival segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) resected with combined endoscopic endonasal and contralateral transmaxillary (CTM) approaches, without lateralization of the ICA.
This case demonstrates the value of the CTM corridor in resecting petrous apex lesions that are posterolateral to the paraclival segment of the ICA.

BACKGROUND: The Fisch infra-temporal fossa approach (Fisch\'s method), first proposed in 1970, is commonly used during internal auditory canal (IAC) surgery with an approach that advances through the middle cranial fossa. This study was designed to address the technical difficulties encountered in recognizing and localizing the arcuate eminence with respect to the superior semicircular canal (SSC).
METHODS: Forty men and 40 women (18-57 years of age) without space-occupying lesions in the petrous part of the temporal bone were selected for the study. In total, 160 samples were obtained from both sides of the temporal bone. The temporal bone in these 160 samples was scanned using computed tomography, and a three-dimensional coordinate system was established to measure the three-dimensional coordinate values of structures adjacent to the arcuate eminence, the SSC, and the IAC.
RESULTS: The results showed that the shape of the arcuate eminence is highly variable. Approximately 23.12% of samples had no obvious arcuate eminence, which prevented the use of Fisch\'s method to localize the SSC. The arcuate eminence was difficult to identify in 37 samples.
CONCLUSIONS: Analysis samples showed that the SSC was located in a fan ring centered at the midpoint of the upper edge of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The arcuate eminence did not correspond directly with the SSC, as the former was located posterolateral to the latter in 85.83% of samples. The angle between the SSC and the IAC ranged from 0° to 60° degrees, as reported previously by Fisch. However, the angle typically ranged from 10-30° in our study.