Nonlinearity

非线性
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    电渗技术一直被认为是一种有前途的技术,可以增强废污泥的脱水,低渗透土壤的稳定和环境修复。然而,电渗渗透系数(keo)通常取恒定值,在可变电荷土壤中尤其不是这种情况。因此,无法解释电渗流(EOF)的非线性和方向相反。在这里,在自然可变电荷土壤的电渗实验中监测了电化学参数。观察到演化显示出明显的非线性行为并且是相关的。作者提出的综合Zeta电位模型用于模拟pH和电解质浓度变化引起的非线性keo。测试和模拟流量变化与超孔隙水压力分布之间的一致性证明了该理论的可靠性。通过耦合非线性keo和电压梯度Ex的模拟误差率从具有恒定参数的381.9%计算降低到29.4%。创新性地解释了EOF的反向方向。因此,数值模型将作为一个有用的工具来连接这些电化学参数,并为评估常用pH调节测量的贡献提供指导。
    Electro-osmosis has been valued as a promising technology to enhance the dewatering of waste sludge, stabilization and environmental remediation of soils with low permeability. However, the coefficient of electro-osmotic permeability (keo) is commonly taken as constant value which is particularly not the case in variable charge soil. As a result, the nonlinearity of the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) and the direction reverse could not be interpreted. Herein, the electro-chemical parameters were monitored in electro-osmotic experiment with natural variable charge soil. It was observed that the evolutions showed significant nonlinear behavior and were correlated. The comprehensive Zeta potential model proposed by the authors was applied to simulate the nonlinear keo induced by the variable pH and electrolyte concentration. The agreement between tested and simulated flow rate variation and excess pore water pressure distribution demonstrated the reliability of the theory. The error rate of the simulations through coupling nonlinear keo and voltage gradient Ex was reduced to 29.4% from 381.9% of calculations with constant parameters. The direction reverse of EOF was innovatively interpreted. Hence, the numerical model would act as a useful tool to connect these electro-chemical parameters and provide guidance to evaluate contributions of commonly used pH conditioning measurements.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    探讨职业足球运动员的身体和技术表现的动态以及各年龄段的变化。比赛统计数据是从中国超级联赛十个赛季(2012-2021年)的1900场比赛中收集的。广义加法模型在包括技术和物理变量在内的12个关键绩效指标中可视化了与年龄相关的趋势。揭示了以快速早期下降为特征的非线性轨迹,稳定的高峰期和加速的后期减少。身体指标从20年代初开始逐渐下降,然后短暂稳定,然后在30年代后进一步下降。相反,技术指标逐渐改善到20年代末和30年代初,然后再次下降。这项研究提供了新的证据,表明足球表现随着年龄的增长而非线性变化。有针对性的培训和发展战略应针对不同职业阶段的具体需求。
    To explore the dynamics in physical and technical performance of professional football players and changes across age groups. Match statistics were collected from 1900 games across ten seasons (2012-2021) in the Chinese Super League. Generalized additive models visualized age-related trends in 12 key performance indicators including technical and physical variables. Revealed nonlinear trajectories characterized by rapid early declines, stable peak periods and accelerated late decreases. Physical indicators decreased progressively from the early 20 s before stabilizing briefly then declining further after 30. Conversely, technical metrics gradually improved into the late 20 s and early 30 s prior to decreasing again. This study provides novel evidence that football performance changes nonlinearly across age. Targeted training and development strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of different career stages.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在本文中,基于离散悬链线理论,研究了弹性索结构在机械载荷作用下的非线性力学响应。在我们的数值方法中,电缆网被离散为多个节点和边缘,然后是弹性能量和相关的Hessian矩阵的解析公式,以实现动态模拟。基于离散微分几何(DDG)理论,提出了一种全隐式框架。通过向系统中添加阻尼力来得出目标对象的平衡配置,称为动态松弛法。研究了单个悬挂电缆的机械响应,并将其与分析解决方案进行了比较,以进行交叉验证。进一步详细讨论了一个更复杂的场景,由多根细长电缆组成的结构通过接头连接。利用我们离散数值框架的鲁棒性和效率,进行了系统参数扫描,以量化网络与不同数量的电缆和不同方向的纤维的力位移关系。最后,根据弹性索网的几何特性,提供了经验比例定律来解释弹性索网的刚度,材料特性,组件编号,和电缆方向。我们的结果将为揭示柔性结构和张力结构之间的联系提供新的见解,并可以激发机械和土木工程设备的创新设计。
    In this paper, the nonlinear mechanical response of elastic cable structures under mechanical load is studied based on the discrete catenary theory. A cable net is discretized into multiple nodes and edges in our numerical approach, which is followed by an analytical formulation of the elastic energy and the associated Hessian matrix to realize the dynamic simulation. A fully implicit framework is proposed based on the discrete differential geometry (DDG) theory. The equilibrium configuration of a target object is derived by adding damping force into the system, known as the dynamic relaxation method. The mechanical response of a single suspended cable is investigated and compared with the analytical solution for cross-validation. A more intricate scenario is further discussed in detail, where a structure consisting of multiple slender cables is connected through joints. Utilizing the robustness and efficiency of our discrete numerical framework, a systematic parameter sweep is performed to quantify the force displacement relationships of nets with the different number of cables and different directions of fibers. Finally, an empirical scaling law is provided to account for the rigidity of elastic cable net in terms of its geometric properties, material characteristics, component numbers, and cable orientations. Our results would provide new insight in revealing the connections between flexible structures and tensegrity structures, and could motivate innovative designs in both mechanical and civil engineered equipment.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    先前的研究只是将低密度脂蛋白(LDL)与糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)概率之间的关系线性化,忽略了它们之间存在非线性关系的可能性。我们旨在研究2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者LDL与DME概率之间的非线性关系。
    本研究招募了2017年12月至2018年11月在广东省人民医院就诊的431名T2DM患者。采用多因素logistic回归模型评价LDL与DME概率的相关性。通过广义加性模型识别非线性关系。进行亚组分析以评估不同亚组中关联的一致性。
    LDL与DME概率呈正相关(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.10~2.34,P=0.0145)。发现了LDL和DME概率之间的非线性关系,LDL拐点在4.85mmol/L左右(95%CI:4.18~4.93,P=0.037)。拐点左右两侧的效应大小和置信区间分别为2.17(1.31至3.58)和0.26(0.04至1.77),分别。亚组分析显示其他变量对它们之间的关联没有影响。
    我们的发现提示在T2DM患者中LDL与DME概率呈正相关。LDL与DME概率之间呈非线性关系。我们的发现需要进一步的因果研究来证实。
    UNASSIGNED: Previous studies simply linearized the relationship between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and diabetic macular edema\'s (DME) probability, ignoring the possibility of a nonlinear relationship between them. We aimed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between LDL and DME probability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
    UNASSIGNED: The study recruited 431 T2DM patients who attended Guangdong Provincial People\'s Hospital from December 2017 to November 2018. A multivariate logistic regression model was conducted to evaluate the association between LDL and DME probability. The nonlinear relationship was identified by generalized additive model. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the consistency of the association in different subgroups.
    UNASSIGNED: LDL was positively associated with DME probability (OR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.10~2.34, P=0.0145) after adjusting for covariates. A nonlinear relationship between LDL and DME probability was discovered, with an inflection point for LDL around 4.85 mmol/L (95% CI: 4.18~4.93, P=0.037). The effect sizes and the confidence intervals on the left and right sides of inflection point were 2.17 (1.31 to 3.58) and 0.26 (0.04 to 1.77), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed other variables had no effect on the association between them.
    UNASSIGNED: Our finding suggested LDL was positively correlated with DME probability in T2DM patients. And the relationship between LDL and DME probability was nonlinear. Our findings need to be confirmed by further causal researches.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    通过促进经济多样化,解决对自然资源的依赖是实现可持续发展目标的组成部分,环境可持续性,和气候复原力。本研究采用2005-2019年“一带一路”国家平衡面板数据集,探讨自然资源依赖对绿色发展的影响。值得注意的是,我们分析的新颖性在于使用基于工具的技术进行实证分析,巩固了“一带一路”国家的“绿色发展诅咒假说”。机理分析表明,自然资源依赖通过削弱创新能力来抑制绿色发展,令人不安的制度质量,降低人口密度,挤出人力资本。Further,处理内生性的动态面板阈值模型验证了自然资源依赖与绿色发展之间的非线性关系。有趣的是,数字贸易比传统贸易提供更大的“弹性”,纠正资源诅咒困境。最后,异质性分析表明,绿色发展诅咒假说只存在于环境规制水平较高的国家和资源型国家。
    Addressing natural resource dependence is integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by promoting economic diversification, environmental sustainability, and climate resilience. This study explores the effect of natural resource dependence on green development by adopting the balanced panel dataset from the \"Belt and Road\" countries from 2005 to 2019. Notably, the novelty of our analysis lies in the empirical analysis using instrument-based techniques that consolidate the \"green development curse hypothesis\" in the Belt and Road countries. The mechanism analysis reveals that natural resource dependence curbs green development by weakening innovative capability, disturbing institutional quality, reducing population density, and crowding out human capital. Further, the dynamic panel threshold model handling endogeneity verifies the nonlinear relationship between natural resource dependence and green development. Interestingly, digital trade offers greater \"resilience\" than traditional trade, correcting the resource curse dilemma. Finally, heterogeneity analyses indicate that the green development curse hypothesis only exists in countries with high-level environmental regulations and resource-based countries.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    小尺寸的属性,低噪音,高性能和无磨损使半球形谐振陀螺仪成为高价值太空任务的好选择。为了提高半球形谐振陀螺仪在具有大角速度和角加速度的任务中使用的精度,本文研究了非线性高强度动态条件下非理想半球形谐振器的驻波进动。基于薄壳弹性理论,利用拉格朗日第二类方程建立了半球形谐振器的动力学模型。然后,将动力学模型等效转换为二维空间中的点质量的简谐振动模型,这是使用一种将慢速变量与快速变量分开的平均方法进行分析的。结果表明,考虑到动力学方程中关于角速度平方和角加速度的非线性项,可以减弱质量缺陷的4次谐波分量对驻波漂移的影响。这种弱化效应的程度随质量缺陷的大小而变化,这对于指导高精度半球形谐振陀螺的发展具有十分重要的意义。
    The properties of small size, low noise, high performance and no wear-out have made the hemispherical resonator gyroscope a good choice for high-value space missions. To enhance the precision of the hemispherical resonator gyroscope for use in tasks with large angular velocities and angular accelerations, this paper investigates the standing wave precession of a non-ideal hemispherical resonator under nonlinear high-intensity dynamic conditions. Based on the thin shell theory of elasticity, a dynamic model of a hemispherical resonator is established by using Lagrange\'s second kind equation. Then, the dynamic model is equivalently transformed into a simple harmonic vibration model of a point mass in two-dimensional space, which is analyzed using a method of averaging that separates the slow variables from the fast variables. The results reveal that taking the nonlinear terms about the square of the angular velocity and the angular acceleration in the dynamic equation into account can weaken the influence of the 4th harmonic component of a mass defect on standing wave drift, and the extent of this weakening effect varies with the dimensions of the mass defects, which is very important for steering the development of the high-precision hemispherical resonator gyroscope.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    背景:髌腱损伤的治疗一直是一个尚未解决的问题,力学表征对其修复和重建非常重要。Elastin是力学的贡献者,但不清楚它如何影响弹性,粘弹性,髌腱结构。方法:本研究使用6只新鲜成年实验猪的髌腱,将其制成77份样品。髌腱被弹性蛋白酶特异性降解,并通过以下方法对区域力学响应和结构变化进行了研究:(1)在前人对弹性蛋白酶处理条件研究的基础上,胶原蛋白的生化定量,进行了糖胺聚糖和总蛋白的测定;(2)髌腱分为近端,中央,和远端区域,然后在磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)或弹性蛋白酶处理前后进行轴向拉伸试验和应力松弛试验;(3)根据获得的力学数据建立动态本构模型;(4)通过双光子显微镜和组织学分析弹性蛋白与胶原纤维的结构关系。结果:髌腱区域之间的力学没有统计学差异。与弹性蛋白酶治疗前相比,低拉伸模量降低了75%-80%,高拉伸模量下降了38%-47%,治疗后过渡应变延长。对于粘弹性行为,应力松弛增加,初始坡度增加了55%,饱和斜率增加了44%,酶处理后过渡时间增加了25%。弹性蛋白的降解使髌腱的胶原纤维变得无序和松散,光纤波长显著增加。结论:本研究结果表明,弹性蛋白在髌腱的力学性能和纤维结构稳定性中起着重要作用,补充髌腱的结构-功能关系信息。所建立的本构模型对预测具有重要意义,髌腱损伤的修复和置换。此外,人髌腱具有较高的弹性蛋白含量,因此,本研究结果可为肌腱弹性蛋白降解的自然特性提供支持信息,指导人工髌腱生物材料的开发。
    Background: The treatment of patellar tendon injury has always been an unsolved problem, and mechanical characterization is very important for its repair and reconstruction. Elastin is a contributor to mechanics, but it is not clear how it affects the elasticity, viscoelastic properties, and structure of patellar tendon. Methods: The patellar tendons from six fresh adult experimental pigs were used in this study and they were made into 77 samples. The patellar tendon was specifically degraded by elastase, and the regional mechanical response and structural changes were investigated by: (1) Based on the previous study of elastase treatment conditions, the biochemical quantification of collagen, glycosaminoglycan and total protein was carried out; (2) The patellar tendon was divided into the proximal, central, and distal regions, and then the axial tensile test and stress relaxation test were performed before and after phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or elastase treatment; (3) The dynamic constitutive model was established by the obtained mechanical data; (4) The structural relationship between elastin and collagen fibers was analyzed by two-photon microscopy and histology. Results: There was no statistical difference in mechanics between patellar tendon regions. Compared with those before elastase treatment, the low tensile modulus decreased by 75%-80%, the high tensile modulus decreased by 38%-47%, and the transition strain was prolonged after treatment. For viscoelastic behavior, the stress relaxation increased, the initial slope increased by 55%, the saturation slope increased by 44%, and the transition time increased by 25% after enzyme treatment. Elastin degradation made the collagen fibers of patellar tendon become disordered and looser, and the fiber wavelength increased significantly. Conclusion: The results of this study show that elastin plays an important role in the mechanical properties and fiber structure stability of patellar tendon, which supplements the structure-function relationship information of patellar tendon. The established constitutive model is of great significance to the prediction, repair and replacement of patellar tendon injury. In addition, human patellar tendon has a higher elastin content, so the results of this study can provide supporting information on the natural properties of tendon elastin degradation and guide the development of artificial patellar tendon biomaterials.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(TG/HDL-C)比值与卒中风险之间的联系存在争议。我们的目标是在参加中国健康与退休纵向研究(CHARLS)的45岁及以上人群中探索这种关系。
    方法:我们的分析涵盖了来自CHARLS队列的10,164名参与者。我们应用Cox比例风险回归模型来评估TG/HDL-C比值与卒中发生率之间的潜在相关性。在Cox模型中使用三次样条函数和平滑曲线拟合,使我们能够在这种关系中发现可能的非线性模式。我们还进行了全面的敏感性和亚组分析,以加深我们对TG/HDL-C比值对卒中风险影响的理解。
    结果:调整各种风险因素,我们观察到45岁及以上人群中TG/HDL-C比值与卒中风险增加之间存在显著联系(HR:1.03,95%CI1.00-1.05,P=0.0426).这种关系似乎是非线性的,TG/HDL-C比率为1.85时出现拐点。低于该阈值的比率表明卒中风险升高(HR:1.28,95%CI1.06-1.54,P=0.0089),而高于它的比率没有显示出显著的风险增加(HR:1.01,95%CI0.98-1.04,P=0.6738)。敏感性分析证实了这些发现的稳健性。值得注意的是,与过去和现在的吸烟者相比,非吸烟者的TG/HDL-C比值与卒中风险之间的相关性更强.
    结论:我们的调查显示,然而非线性的,TG/HDL-C比值与45岁及以上人群卒中发生率的相关性.具体来说,我们发现卒中风险与TG/HDL-C比值低于阈值1.85相关.这些见解可能会指导医疗保健提供者在此人口统计学中建议和开发更有效的中风预防策略。
    OBJECTIVE: The connection between triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio and stroke risk is controversial. Our goal was to explore this relationship in individuals aged 45 and older enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).
    METHODS: Our analysis encompassed 10,164 participants from the CHARLS cohorts. We applied the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to evaluate the potential correlation between the TG/HDL-C ratio and stroke incidence. Using a cubic spline function and smooth curve fitting within the Cox model allowed us to unearth a possible non-linear pattern in this relationship. We also conducted thorough sensitivity and subgroup analyses to deepen our understanding of the TG/HDL-C ratio\'s impact on stroke risk.
    RESULTS: Adjusting for various risk factors, we observed a significant link between the TG/HDL-C ratio and increased stroke risk in individuals aged 45 and above (HR: 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05, P = 0.0426). The relationship appeared non-linear, with an inflection at a TG/HDL-C ratio of 1.85. Ratios below this threshold indicated a heightened stroke risk (HR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.54, P = 0.0089), while ratios above it did not show a significant risk increase (HR: 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.04, P = 0.6738). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings. Notably, non-smokers exhibited a stronger correlation between the TG/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk compared to past and current smokers.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation revealed a significant, yet non-linear, association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of stroke among individuals aged 45 and above. Specifically, we found that stroke risk increased in correlation with TG/HDL-C ratio below the threshold of 1.85. These insights may guide healthcare providers in advising and developing more effective strategies for stroke prevention in this demographic.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    一个选择器-一个电阻器交叉阵列的集成要求选择器具有高非线性和双极性,以防止泄漏电流和不同单元之间的任何串扰。然而,具有足够非线性的选择器,特别是在设备小型化的框架中仍然稀缺,限制高密度存储设备的发展。在这里,通过构建石墨烯/hBN/WSe2异质结构报道了一种高性能存储器选择器。在300-80K的温度范围内,在正向偏置下,该选择器的非线性度从≈103-≈104变化,并且在反向偏置下从约300-约105增加,2D选择器中报告的非线性最高。这种改进归因于低偏置下的直接隧穿和高偏置下的Fowler-Nordheim隧穿。隧穿电流-电压曲线表现出优异的双极性行为,因为可比的空穴和电子隧穿势垒,并且电荷传输极性可以通过简单地改变源极-漏极偏压而有效地从N型或P型调谐到双极。此外,概念存储器选择器在70.000个开关周期后没有劣化的迹象,为将2D选择器组装到现代存储设备中铺平了道路。
    The integration of one-selector-one-resistor crossbar arrays requires the selectors featured with high nonlinearity and bipolarity to prevent leakage currents and any crosstalk among distinct cells. However, a selector with sufficient nonlinearity especially in the frame of device miniaturization remains scarce, restricting the advance of high-density storage devices. Herein, a high-performance memory selector is reported by constructing a graphene/hBN/WSe2 heterostructure. Within the temperature range of 300-80 K, the nonlinearity of this selector varies from ≈103 - ≈104 under forward bias, and increases from ≈300 - ≈105 under reverse bias, the highest reported nonlinearity among 2D selectors. This improvement is ascribed to direct tunneling at low bias and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling at high bias. The tunneling current versus voltage curves exhibit excellent bipolarity behavior because of the comparable hole and electron tunneling barriers, and the charge transport polarity can be effectively tuned from N-type or P-type to bipolar by simply changing source-drain bias. In addition, the conceptual memory selector exhibits no sign of deterioration after 70 000 switching cycles, paving the way for assembling 2D selectors into modern memory devices.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    目的:总胆固醇与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(TC/HDL-C)比值与卒中风险之间的关系存在争议。这项研究旨在研究中国健康与退休纵向研究(CHARLS)的中老年人的TC/HDL-C比值与中风之间的联系。
    方法:本研究进行了回顾性队列分析,在2011年至2012年期间,共招募10,184名符合CHARLS指定标准的参与者。然后,我们使用Cox比例风险回归模型来分析TC/HDL-C比率与卒中风险之间的关系。使用具有三次样条函数和平滑曲线拟合的Cox比例风险回归模型,我们能够确定TC/HDL-C比值与卒中发生率之间的非线性关系.还进行了敏感性和亚组分析以研究TC/HDL-C比值与卒中之间的联系。
    结果:这项研究显示,在校正危险因素后,45岁或以上的受试者中,TC/HDL-C比值与卒中风险之间存在统计学上的显著关联(HR:1.05,95CI1.00-1.10,P=0.0410)。此外,检测到TC/HDL-C比值与卒中风险之间的非线性关系,TC/HDL-C比值拐点为3.71。我们发现TC/HDL-C比值与卒中风险之间存在显著正相关,当TC/HDL-C比值小于3.71(HR:1.25,95CI1.07-1.45,P=0.0039)。然而,当TC/HDL-C比值超过3.71时,两者间的联系不显著(HR:1.00,95CI0.94-1.06,P=0.9232).敏感性分析和亚组分析显示,我们的研究结果非常可靠。
    结论:我们的研究表明,TC/HDL-C比值与中老年人卒中风险之间的非线性联系。TC/HDL-C比值与卒中风险之间存在显著正相关,当TC/HDL-C比值小于3.71。当前的研究可以作为指导临床医生咨询和优化中老年人中风预防措施的指南。
    OBJECTIVE: The connection between total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio and stroke risk is controversial. This study aims to examine the connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke in middle-aged and older individuals who are part of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).
    METHODS: This study conducted a retrospective cohort analysis, enrolling a total of 10,184 participants who met the designated criteria from CHARLS between 2011 and 2012. We then used the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to analyze the relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk. Using a Cox proportional hazards regression model with cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting, we were able to identify the non-linear relationship between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke occurrence. The sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed to investigate the connection between TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke.
    RESULTS: This study revealed a statistically significant association between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk in subjects aged 45 years or older after adjusting for risk factors (HR: 1.05, 95%CI 1.00-1.10, P = 0.0410). Furthermore, a non-linear connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk was detected, with a TC/HDL-C ratio inflection point of 3.71. We identified a significant positive connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk, when the TC/HDL-C ratio was less than 3.71 (HR: 1.25, 95%CI 1.07-1.45, P = 0.0039). However, their connection was not significant when the TC/HDL-C ratio exceeded 3.71 (HR: 1.00, 95%CI 0.94-1.06, P = 0.9232). The sensitivity analysis and subgroup analyses revealed that our findings were well-robust.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated a positive, non-linear connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk in middle-aged and older individuals. There was a significant positive connection between the TC/HDL-C ratio and stroke risk, when the TC/HDL-C ratio was less than 3.71. The current research can be used as a guideline to support clinician consultation and optimize stroke prevention measures for middle-aged and older adults.
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