Cystic lesions of the gnathic bones present challenges in differential diagnosis. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) represented by deep learning (DL) has rapidly developed and emerged in the field of dental and maxillofacial radiology (DMFR). Dental radiography provides a rich resource for the study of diagnostic analysis methods for cystic lesions of the jaws and has attracted many researchers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of DL for cystic lesions of the jaws. Online searches were done on Google Scholar, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore databases, up to September 2023, with subsequent manual screening for confirmation. The initial search yielded 1862 titles, and 44 studies were ultimately included. All studies used DL methods or tools for the identification of a variable number of maxillofacial cysts. The performance of algorithms with different models varies. Although most of the reviewed studies demonstrated that DL methods have better discriminative performance than clinicians, further development is still needed before routine clinical implementation due to several challenges and limitations such as lack of model interpretability, multicentre data validation, etc. Considering the current limitations and challenges, future studies for the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the jaws should follow actual clinical diagnostic scenarios to coordinate study design and enhance the impact of AI in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Efforts have been made to reduce epidemiological indicators of osteoradionecrosis in patients with head and neck cancer over recent years. This umbrella review aims to synthesize the information of the systematic reviews/meta-analyses investigating the effect of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer on the frequency of osteoradionecrosis and to identify and analyze the gaps in current scientific literature.
METHODS: A systematic review of systematic reviews with and without meta-analysis of intervention studies was conducted. Qualitative analysis of the reviews and their quality evaluation were performed.
RESULTS: A total of 152 articles were obtained, and ten of them were selected for the final analysis, where six were systematic reviews and four were meta-analysis. According to the guide Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (Amstar), eight articles included were of high quality and two of medium quality. These descriptive systematic reviews/meta-analyses included a total of 25 randomized clinical trials, showing that radiotherapy has positive effects on the frequency of osteoradionecrosis. Even though a reduction in the incidence of osteoradionecrosis was observed back in the history, in systematic reviews with meta-analysis, overall effect estimators were not significant.
CONCLUSIONS: Differential findings are not enough to demonstrate that there is a significant reduction in the frequency of osteoradionecrosis in patients with head and neck cancer treated by radiation. Possible explanations are related to factors such as the type of studies analyzed, indicator of irradiated complication considered, and specific variables included in the analysis. Many systematic reviews did not address publication bias and did identify gaps in knowledge that require further clarification.

This study is intended to investigate oral exostoses of 5 sample populations, spanning over 6000 years, from the same region of Northern China, to determine the significance of sex and age on the development of oral exostoses during each time period. The samples analyzed were 306 dry jaws from human skeletons, which were excavated from 4 archeological sites: Banpo (6700-5600 y BP), Shaolingyuan (3000 y BP), Shanren (2200 y BP), and Chang\'an (1000-1300 y BP), as well as the modern Xi\'an district. The sex and the age of the samples at death were estimated. The degree of buccal exostosis (BE), torus mandibularis (TM), and torus palatinus (TP) and the TP shape were recorded. The results showed BEs in the Banpo and Chang\'an regions, TMs in the Banpo region were more often diagnosed in males than in females. Conversely, females in Shaolingyuan showed a higher prevalence and severity of TM than that in males. The occurrence of BEs in the Shanren and Xi\'an regions, TMs in the Banpo, Chang\'an, and Xi\'an regions, as well as TPs in the Banpo region significantly increased with age at death. In conclusion, sex differences and increasing trends with age in relation to oral exostoses were found in samples from Northern China during the past six millennia.

To extend the symptomatic spectrum of acute neurologic syndrome associated with dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) antibodies.
A 13-year-old adolescent boy was admitted to the Neurology Department with abnormal jaw movements. The initial evaluation included laboratory examinations of blood, chest radiography, brain MRI, EEG, and neuropsychologic tests. Serum and CSF samples were collected for immunologic studies. The clinical outcome of the patient was followed up for 18 months after the first hospitalization.
Paroxysmal jaw clonus, blepharospasm, and sialorrhea were observed in the patient with a history of Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disease and with an acute neurologic syndrome associated with D2R antibodies. The symptoms responded to IV methylprednisolone (IVMP), relapsed twice during prednisone reduction, and, finally, improved after the combined treatment of IVMP and IV immunoglobulin.
Recognizing paroxysmal jaw clonus (possibly with blepharospasm and sialorrhea) and considering the relationship between these episodes and D2R antibodies will be helpful in the early diagnosis and treatment of immune neurologic syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the effect of soft tissue closure after tooth extraction on the prevention of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a rabbit model.
METHODS: Twenty female New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned into the experimental group administrated with zoledronic acid (ZA) and control groups treated with saline. Bilateral lower premolar extraction was performed 4 weeks after ZA/saline administration. Immediately after extraction, the wound on the right mandible was closed by suture while the other side was left open. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks and 8 weeks after tooth extraction. Fluorochrome labeling solutions were injected subcutaneously to evaluate the bone growth rates. The mandibles were harvested and subjected for microcomputed tomography, confocal microscope, and histomorphological examinations.
RESULTS: All extraction sites healed well without any signs of infection. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) was significantly higher in the ZA-treated group than in the control group at both week 4 and week 8, while no significant difference was detected in the rest of the assessed parameters. The bone growth rate in mandibles showed gradual reduction in the ZA-treated group. Histological analysis showed that at week 8, the animals in the ZA-treated group had significantly higher incidence of osteonecrosis than that in the control group, while no significance was revealed between the sutured and nonsutured side.
CONCLUSIONS: ZA treatment significantly reduces bone growth rates but does not reveal a significant effect on bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture. Soft tissue closure of the extraction socket does not reduce the incidence of ONJ in the ZA-treated rabbit model.

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Radiographically assisted dental identification is an important means for individual identification. Specific identifiers help to quickly filter some of the possible corresponding AM and PM images at the beginning. The study seeks specific oral and maxillofacial identifiers in panoramic radiographs. A total of 920 panoramic radiographs from 460 live patients were used. The most recent radiograph served as the surrogate post-mortem (PM) record of an unidentified person, and the earliest radiograph served as the ante-mortem (AM) record of the same person. We evaluated the following four groups of identifiers of the images: (1) dental morphology, tooth number, and position; (2) dental treatment and pathology; (3) morphological identifiers of the jaw; and (4) pathological identifiers of the jaw. The ratio of each identifier being identified simultaneously in the AM and PM databases was determined. Specific identifiers were defined as those that appeared at low frequency (ratio: 0%-0.250%). A total of 18 specific oral and maxillofacial identifiers were determined. The specific identifiers were a retained deciduous tooth (0.011%), S-shaped deflection of a tooth root (0.012%), distal deflection of tooth root (0.017%), inverted impaction (0.018%), malposition (0.038%), supernumerary teeth (0.061%), mesial deflection of tooth root (0.092%), microdontia (0.136%), buccal/lingual impaction (0.188%), cementoma (0.002%), hypercementosis (0.002%), continuous crown (0.004%), pulp calcification (0.023%), attrition (0.030%), residual root (0.106%), root resorption (0.137%), implant (0.156%), and osteomyelitis (0.002%). Identifiers of the teeth and jaw can be used for human identification, and dental identifiers are more specific than identifiers of jaw.

This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of macrophages and γδ-T cells in the ZOL drug-induced osteonecrosis of jaws based on the IFN-γ involved osteoblast differentiation signaling pathway.
The number and apoptotic rate of CD11b+Gr1hi cells and γδ-T cells in the ONJ group were significantly higher. The TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, CCL3, CCL4, IL-12 and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in the ONJ group. The expression of CTSK and FGFR3 was lower in the ONJ group, but was higher in the NF-κB and ERBB2IP group.
The proliferation of macrophages and γδ-T cells promote the inflammation in ZOL-induced jaw necrosis.
A total of 20 patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw from January 2016 to March 2018 were collected and assigned into the observation group, while 20 healthy subjects were assigned into the control group. Furthermore, 40 SD rats were selected and assigned into observation group, while 10 non-treatment SD rats were selected and assigned as controls. The distribution and proportion of CD11b+Gr1hi cells and γδ-T cells in the necrotic tissues of the jaw were analyzed. Then, the TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, CCL3, CCL4, IL-12 and IL-13 levels were measured. Afterwards, the expression of CTSK, FGFR3, NF-κB and ERBB2IP in the necrotic tissues of the jaw in the animal models were analyzed.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is one of the most devastating and progressive complications of head and neck radiotherapy. It can cause emaciation, deformity, and pathological fractures, resulting in decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preoperative index and outcomes of treatment for ORNJ. A retrospective study of 252 ORNJ cases treated at one institution between January 2010 and January 2018 was made. The abnormal items from the preoperative examination and follow-up after different treatments were recorded, and the differences between the noteworthy items were compared using univariate and multivariate models. Most ORNJ patients in the middle and late stages had abnormal items, such as hypoproteinaemia, anaemia, and leucocytosis. Partial mandibulectomy with flap reconstruction was significantly more effective than without reconstruction. Advanced ORNJ patients tended to have more abnormal items, which might have a negative influence on treatment. For better outcomes, it is essential and effective to completely remove the necrotic lesion and reconstruct it with a flap. The surgeons should provide sufficient perioperative management and strive for suitable surgical treatment.

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