UNASSIGNED: Due to the complex anatomy of the spine and the intricate surgical procedures involved, spinal surgery demands a high level of technical expertise from surgeons. The clinical application of image-guided spinal surgery has significantly enhanced lesion visualization, reduced operation time, and improved surgical outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: This article reviews the latest advancements in deep learning and artificial intelligence in image-guided spinal surgery, aiming to provide references and guidance for surgeons, engineers, and researchers involved in this field.
UNASSIGNED: Our analysis indicates that image-guided spinal surgery, augmented by artificial intelligence, outperforms traditional spinal surgery techniques. Moving forward, it is imperative to collect a more expansive dataset to further ensure the procedural safety of such surgeries. These insights carry significant implications for the integration of artificial intelligence in the medical field, ultimately poised to enhance the proficiency of surgeons and improve surgical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: With the increasing availability of chest computed tomography (CT), the detection of small pulmonary nodules has become more common, facilitating the development of lung segmental resection. However, anatomical variations of the bronchi are common, particularly in the right upper lobe of the lung.
METHODS: We report a case of thoracoscopic resection of the posterior segment of the right upper lobe of the lung. Preoperatively, the nodule was believed to be located in the superior segment of the right lower lobe. However, intraoperative exploration revealed that the nodule was located in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe, further showing that the bronchi of the posterior segment of the right lung opened into the bronchus intermedius. The procedure was completed uneventfully. Postoperative retrospective three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the lung CT images confirmed that the bronchi of the posterior segment of the right upper lobe originated from the bronchus intermedius.
CONCLUSIONS: This rare case highlights the importance of 3D reconstruction to guide accurate segmentectomy in patients with anatomic variations.

Cases of a retroperitoneal tumor with double inferior vena cava (IVC) are rarely reported. The present report documents a case of a retroperitoneal lymphoma with double IVC, and discusses its embryological, clinical and radiological significance. In addition, previous cases of a double IVC are reviewed. In the present report, a 52-year-old male patient was hospitalized for a retroperitoneal lymphoma tumor and double IVC. CT urography was performed, whilst a three-dimensional visualization model was also established based on CT data, to reveal a retroperitoneal tumor with double IVC. The present case involved a double IVC with interiliac vein, which was type 2b from the left IVC. The retroperitoneal tumor was identified to be a lymphoma measuring 116x83 mm by percutaneous puncture biopsy. Surgical treatment is generally not recommended for lymphoma. Therefore, this patient was transferred to the Hematology Department for treatment according to the lymphoma management guidelines. The size of the tumor was reduced after chemotherapy during the patient\'s follow-up. In conclusion, the three-dimensional visualization model can directly and accurately present the anatomical features of the double IVC and its surrounding tissue structure. In addition, variations in the features of IVC can have important clinical significance. It is also important for surgeons, interventional radiologists and clinicians to understand such abnormalities in anatomical features to avoid misdiagnosis and reduce the occurrence of serious intraoperative complications.

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of tissues is a valuable approach for elucidating the anatomy of nerves and plexuses, which are often microscopic in nature and therefore difficult to fully appreciate using gross dissection approaches alone. A common workflow which can be used to generate such 3D models has yet to be comprehensively described. This study aimed to review 3D reconstruction methodologies and findings related to human female pelvic innervation to determine whether there is an optimal methodology and identify the limitations of these approaches. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using keywords including 3D reconstruction, human female pelvic nerves, and innervation. Twenty relevant articles published between 2003 and 2019 were selected for review. The 3D reconstruction of female pelvic innervation generally follows two workflows involving either immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 16) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 4). There were commonalities among the general steps reported for 3D tissue reconstruction across these two imaging methodologies. Notably, there was some variability in study methodology across the studies reviewed, suggesting there is not a clear best practice for the reconstruction of these tissues. Information that generates 3D mapping of innervation has important clinical applications, such as informing and optimizing surgical approaches to avoid damage to local innervation. IHC and MRI-based approaches are both feasible for the reconstruction of pelvic innervation, though there are advantages and disadvantages to both. Information from this review can be used to help inform the development of 3D models of female pelvic innervation in the future.

BACKGROUND: Azygos vein aneurysms (AVAs) are extremely rare. The majority of patients have no obvious clinical symptoms, so they are found by physical examination or by chance. There is limited clinical treatment experience that can be referred to, and there are no clear guidelines or research evidence standardizing the surgical and interventional therapy. Here, we report a patient with idiopathic AVA whose three-dimensional reconstruction of the tumor was completed before surgery. On the basis of three-dimensional reconstruction, single-port thoracoscopic resection of the AVA was successfully completed and reported for the first time. The previously reported cases are summarized to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AVAs.
METHODS: A 56-year-old man was transferred to our hospital due to \"dysphagia\". The diagnosis of AVA was made after enhanced computed tomography, gastroscopy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Congenital weakness or degenerative changes causes the vein walls to be extremely thin that the AVA had the risk of ruptur. Furthermore, the patient had symptoms of dysphagia, he received single-port thoracoscopic surgery. After the operation, his dysphagia disappeared. The postoperative pathology confirmed hemangioma. The patient was discharged 3 days after surgery without any complications.
CONCLUSIONS: AVAs are rare. Preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction can greatly help surgeons clarify the disease diagnosis, formulate the surgical plan, avoid damage to the surrounding vital organs, and reduce intraoperative bleeding. Thoracoscopic surgery to remove AVAs is difficult and has a high risk of bleeding, while more minimally invasive single-port thoracoscopic surgery is also safe and effective for the treatment of AVAs.

Extrarenal tumors are rare malignant tumors and generally are lethal when diagnosed during the pregnancy. Some reports described this condition, using ultrasound. In this report, we describe the prenatal characteristics of an extrarenal rhabdoid tumor, evaluated by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. This report describes the longest period between prenatal diagnosis and delivery of a fetus affected by extrarenal tumor, compares the imaging technologies used during and after the pregnancy and discuss the results of the prenatal study compared to the postnatal images, an important information for parental counseling.

Facial reconstruction is an effective forensic technique that can help recreate a victim\'s facial appearance from the skull. It is typically used to assist law enforcement agencies to identify missing deceased persons. Reconstruction techniques are usually based on the relationship between the underlying hard tissues, such as bone structure, and soft tissues such as the facial muscles and facial features. Facial reconstruction can be a feasible alternative to identify the remains from a decomposed, mutilated, or skeletonised corpse. It is important to remember that although the outcomes are empirical in nature, the technique has been applied widely in many situations. Recent advancements in technology and computer-based techniques have increased the accuracy and validity of this forensic discipline. We consider the most commonly used facial reconstruction techniques in this paper, with a detailed description of manual 3D techniques.

Background: Atherosclerotic plaques are the major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). Currently, computed tomography (CT) is the most commonly applied imaging technique in the diagnosis of CAD. However, the accurate extraction of coronary plaque geometry from CT images is still challenging. Summary of Review: In this review, we focused on the methods in recent studies on the CT-based coronary plaque extraction. According to the dimension of plaque extraction method, the studies were categorized into two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ones. In each category, the studies were analyzed in terms of data, methods, and evaluation. We summarized the merits and limitations of current methods, as well as the future directions for efficient and accurate extraction of coronary plaques using CT imaging. Conclusion: The methodological innovations are important for more accurate CT-based assessment of coronary plaques in clinical applications. The large-scale studies, de-blooming algorithms, more standardized datasets, and more detailed classification of non-calcified plaques could improve the accuracy of coronary plaque extraction from CT images. More multidimensional geometric parameters can be derived from the 3D geometry of coronary plaques. Additionally, machine learning and automatic 3D reconstruction could improve the efficiency of coronary plaque extraction in future studies.

The individualized surgical approach in individuals with both arterial trunks arising from the morphologically right ventricle is dictated by the extreme morphological variability encountered in this setting, with each patient being unique. An individualized surgical approach has been designed to take account of the morphological variations, identifying the anatomy with the preoperative three-dimensional CT scan reconstruction. The key features have been considered the distance between tricuspid and pulmonary valves, the size and location of the interventricular communication, and the relationship between the outflow tracts. The surgical approach is tailored, whenever feasible, to create a connection between left ventricle and aorta, but primarily to achieve biventricular repair. Account has been taken of all available surgical options already reported in the literature, identifying the most suitable to provide the best outcomes for each unique morphology. To date, meaningful comparison between different reported surgical series has been difficult because of the marked variation of individual intracardiac morphology, and the lack of reports of specific surgical approaches for well-categorized groups of patients. Our approach, being tailored to the individual cardiac morphology, can be offered to any patient with this ventriculo-arterial connection. Given the difficulties of diagnosis, and the multiple therapeutic indications, very close collaboration between cardiologists and surgeons is indispensable for further progress in the understanding and management of this complex congenital cardiac lesion.

A precise understanding of the autonomic innervation of the urinary tract is crucial to successful management of urologic disease given the important role that neurophysiology plays in genitourinary pathology. Recent studies using a combination of contemporary histopathology and imaging technologies have furthered our understanding of the spatial nerve distribution in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The findings of these recent studies may have important clinical applications in expanding our knowledge of the etiology and treatment of disease processes affecting the urinary tract. In this narrative review, our goal is to provide an overview of the autonomic innervation of the urinary tract. Specifically, we aim to provide a three-dimensional gender-specific description of renal, ureteral and vesical innervation. We also highlight some possible opportunities for clinical and investigational application of this new knowledge.