Research to prevent releases of brominated flame retardants listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (POP-BFRs) was conducted through an international cooperation project in Colombia. Six waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management facilities implemented: 1) sorting e-waste by product type and color (black, white, and other; henceforth called chromoproducts), 2) sampling test products and their plastic fraction (called sets, separated by polymer type), 3) monitoring mass, bromine and antimony contents by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and POP-BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 4) differentiated treatment according to categories that used the Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (RoHS) hazardousness threshold of 1000 mg ∑PBDEs/kg. This scheme led to the proposal of a methodology for WEEE management called the \"chromoproduct approach\". 994,230 products were managed and grouped into 222 chromoproducts, from which 77 were analyzed: 50 below RoHS hazardousness (BRH), 16 above RoHS hazardousness (ARH), and 11 unknown RoHS hazardousness (URH). XRF indicators using bromine and antimony contents could rule out pollution in BRH chromoproducts; however, categorization still required GC-MS. One ARH plastics sample had 3620 mg ∑PBDEs/kg, while no POP-BFRs were found in the BRH plastics sample. The implementation of the chromoproduct approach traced 153.6 tonnes of ARH plastics. BRH plastics composition was estimated and used in a pilot-scale closed-loop economic activity. The chromoproduct approach seems promising for avoiding POP-BFR releases and promoting the upcycling of recyclable e-waste plastics.

Geographic distance between a child and their non-resident parent is a key aspect of the reorganization of the family following parental separation. The increasingly equal involvement of both parents in the upbringing of their children is expected to translate into increasing geographic proximity between children and non-resident parents. So far, there has been no evidence about the time trends in geographical distances between minor children and non-resident parents outside of the Swedish context. In this study, we investigate these trends across Belgian separation cohorts from 1992 to 2018 and the extent to which they differ according to parental socioeconomic status and child\'s age at separation. Overall, we observed a very small decrease in distance between children and their non-resident fathers and a somewhat larger decrease for non-resident mothers. The distance increased for very young children (0-2 years) and children with low-educated fathers. These findings point to inequalities in certain parent-child dyads.

UNASSIGNED: Parental separation has been suggested to be associated with depression development in offspring. The new family constellation subsequent to separation could be associated with elevated scores of childhood trauma, shaping more emotionally instable personalities. This could ultimately be a risk factor for mood disorders and particularly the development of depression in life.
UNASSIGNED: To test this hypothesis, we investigated the associations between parental separation, childhood trauma (CTQ) and personality (NEO-FFI) in a sample of N = 119 patients diagnosed with depression and N = 119 age and sex matched healthy controls.
UNASSIGNED: While parental separation was associated with elevated scores of childhood trauma, there was no association between parental separation and Neuroticism. Furthermore, in a logistic regression analysis, Neuroticism and childhood trauma were found to be significant predictors for depression diagnosis (yes/no), but not parental separation (yes/no).
UNASSIGNED: Parental separation might be associated with depression only indirectly via childhood trauma. Childhood trauma or Neuroticism seem more directly related to the development of depression. However, it is worthwhile to install prevention programs helping parents and children to cope with parental separation in order to minimize the impact of separation and associated stressors.

For balancing the improvement of social capital through mutual interaction among residents and measures against infectious diseases, municipalities must understand where their residents interact with each other during epidemics. By distinguishing between new and existing residents based on the average age of the houses in their residential areas, we measured the degree of separation between them at various locations and facilities in the Tsukuba City in the Greater Tokyo Area during the daytime based on smartphone location information. We also investigated separation by visitors\' residential savings and income class and their age and gender in each location. Separation was observed in almost all the public places in Tsukuba City, even before the COVID-19 outbreak. During the outbreak, many public places and facilities were visited by fewer people, and yet their separation increased. On the other hand, separation lessened in parks, increasing opportunities for residents to interact. Even after the outbreak began, lower separation environments remained in places where food courts and department stores were located compared to other places. In the post-outbreak period, separation returned to its normal level.

The study presents research focused on factors influencing performance in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) at the level of individual municipalities in the Czech Republic. Czech municipalities possess a specific municipal structure that is characteristic of high fragmentation, in which municipalities spatially resemble conglomerates. In spite of their typically small size, they cling to their own independence and are thus willing to assume full responsibilities in MSWM. In recognition that expenditure on MSWM is the primary concern to municipalities and that there are secondary environmental interests in waste separation, four alternative models of waste management service production are considered for a sample of 470 Czech municipalities that capture performance from different standpoints. Performance in MSWM is assessed by dint of data envelopment analysis (DEA). Full frontiers are employed simultaneously with order-m partial frontiers and resulting unconditional-to-conditional scores are investigated for the influence of twelve contextual factors describing operating conditions of MSWM. The analysis accounts for the fact that in this case the twelve contextual factors are found non-separable from the process underpinning the provision of MSWM. It is revealed that performance in MSWM improves with the availability of recycling consolidation facilities, but programs inciting waste separation or green waste collection do not bring about the anticipated effect. The findings are instrumental in planning of MSWM and equip municipalities with policy advice that is useful in improving performance in MSWM and subsequently in reaching ever stricter environmental targets requested over time at both national and international levels translated to a municipal level.

UNASSIGNED: Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations are common but evidence regarding the epidemiology of these injuries is incomplete. This study aims to describe the incidence, injury mechanisms, distribution of classifications, risk factors, and patient characteristics for ACJ dislocations in a general population.
UNASSIGNED: Inclusion was performed prospectively during a 4-year period with the following criteria; age 18-75 years, shoulder trauma within 2 weeks, a clinical suspicion of ACJ dislocation, and radiographs that excluded fracture. The injuries were classified according to the Rockwood system, and epidemiologic variables were obtained. Rockwood types 1-2 were defined as low-grade injuries and types 3-6 as high-grade. Age groups were defined with a young group (18-39 years), an intermediate group (40-59), and an old group (60-75).
UNASSIGNED: A total of 158 patients were included; 139 were male and the mean age was 39 years (range 18-74). There were 73 low-grade and 85 high-grade injuries. The incidence was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-2.4] per 10,000 person-years, gradually decreasing with higher age, groupwise. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for men vs. women was 7.6 (95% CI = 4.7-12.6) and IRR >1 was seen comparing younger age groups to older. Odds ratio calculations showed that risk factors for high-grade injury were older age and traffic accidents.
UNASSIGNED: The incidence of ACJ dislocations was 2.0 per 10,000 person-years in a general population. Male gender and younger age group were risk factors for injury, whereas the risk for high-grade injuries were greater in older patients and after traffic accidents.

The frequency of separation of NiTi rotary instruments has increased with the increasing use of these instruments, and this error may result from inadequate experience of using these instruments. This iatrogenic error can complicate root canal treatment, and special experience is required to manage this problem. This case report describes the management of the separation of an F3 instrument from a ProTaper NiTi rotary system. A 30-year-old man was referred to the College of Dentistry, Taibah University (Saudi Arabia) with an intracanal separated NiTi rotary instrument (F3 of the ProTaper system; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in the canal of the maxillary right canine. The separated instrument was removed by using the modified hollow tube-based extractor system. The present case revealed that sometimes a simple method can be an effective alternative of a professional method; using NiTi rotary instruments with strict adherence is important for the prevention of instrument separation.

This article explores the justification for providing separate experiences for twins. The focus is on Dorothy Burlingham\'s (1952; Twins: A study of three sets of identical twins with 30 charts. London, UK: Imago) classic, in-depth study of three identical twin-pairs. Implications for how twins are raised currently will be examined. Reviews are presented of twin research concerning monozygotic twins with maturity-onset diabetes, gene editing of fetal Chinese twins, educational disadvantage of early-born twins, and developmental trajectories of twins\' prenatal movements. Some unusual experiences and situations involving twins that warrant media attention are also summarized. They include twins with nearly identical license plates, a rare case of fetus-in-fetu, twin brothers killed at Pearl Harbor, the death of a 96-year-old twin Holocaust survivor, the accidental death of male-female twin toddlers in a heated car and confusion over identical twin politicians.

Behavioral and emotional outcomes for babies who experienced maternal separation due to prematurity or birth defects have not improved significantly for the last 20 years. Current theories and treatment paradigms based on neuroscience have not generated explanatory mechanisms that work, or provided testable hypotheses. This article proposes a new field of scientific investigation, \"nurturescience\" within which new hypotheses can be tested with novel instruments. Key distinctions between neuroscience and nurturescience are described. Our definition of nurturescience is based on the basic needs of all newborns and of the needs of mothers and their families. This understanding is drawn from biology, anthropology, sociology, physiological, and clinical research. Mechanisms are described from studies on microbiota, epigenetics, allostasis, brain imaging, and developmental origins of health and adult disease. The converging message from these and other fields is that the mother-infant dyad should not be separated. Ongoing emotional connection is the cornerstone of development, leading to life-long resilience. This has implications for making the correct diagnosis (emotional disconnection vs. attachment disorder), providing the appropriate care (infant and family centered developmental care) in the biologically expected place (skin-to-skin contact), and potential for rehabilitation (calming cycle theory). Nurturescience has particular relevance to the care of \"small and sick\" infants, with profound potential for decreasing the \"likelihood of developing developmental problems.\"

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) cause great suffering in patients and their families. Phenomenology can help clarify the diagnosis and propose some new therapeutic responses using Daseinsanalyse. Separation issues understood using the phenomenological description of the melancholic type (MT) by Tellenbach may further shed light on our understanding of depression in dementia.
In a 90-year-old woman presenting with advanced (Clinical Dementia Rating 3) mixed dementia and BPSD in the form of vocally disruptive behaviour (VDB), we discuss separation anxiety as the aetiopathogenic hypothesis. Depression and BPSD were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Cornell scale, and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale to confirm our second phenomenological diagnostic hypothesis, ie, melancholy. The Big Five Inventory scale filled in by a proxy was also used to evaluate the patient\'s premorbid personality. We then propose an explanatory frame of VDB and depression through the standard phenomenological assessment of its relation to time, space, self, and other.
Confirming MT, we found an inhibited temperament and low openness to experience in the patient, as well as a symbiotic relationship with a close relative (the other).
Separation anxiety may well explain the patient\'s MT expressed by VDB. Melancholic type and her symbiotic relationship led to a situation unbearable to the patient and her close relative unable to delegate care to a specialized team.
Phenomenology in vocally disruptive behaviour in dementia. We have found new explanations in similar clinical cases in dementia as follows. A patient presenting with vocally disruptive behaviour has a melancholic type, a behavioural-inhibited temperament, and marital violence in the past. Phenomenology may help explain this profile with neurobiological disorders. The life trajectory, from childhood into older age, must be taken into account to understand behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.