BACKGROUND: Focal nodular hyperplasia is a common nonmalignant liver mass. This nonvascular lesion is an uncommon mass in children, especially those with no predisposing factors, namely radiation, chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell therapy. Exophytic growth of the lesion further than the liver margins is not common and can complicate the diagnosis of the lesion. This report observes a focal nodular hyperplasia as a pedunculated lesion in a healthy child.
METHODS: We describe a 9-year-old healthy Persian child who was born following in vitro fertilization complaining of abdominal pain lasting for months and palpitation. Employing ultrasound and computed tomography, a mass was detected in the right upper quadrant compatible with focal nodular hyperplasia imaging features. The child underwent surgery and the mass was resected.
CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosing focal nodular hyperplasia, especially pedunculated form can be challenging, although magnetic resonance imaging with scintigraphy is nearly 100% sensitive and specific. Thus, a biopsy may be needed to rule out malignancies in some cases. Deterministic treatment in patients with suspicious mass, remarkable growth of lesion in serial examination, and persistent symptoms, such as pain, is resection, which can be done open or laparoscopic.

UNASSIGNED: Conjunctival papilloma commonly develops in infants and children. It is believed that the etiologic agent, human papillomavirus (HPV), gets implanted from the infected maternal birth canal in the conjunctival sac of the new borne while parturition. It grows as solitary or multiple pedunculated benign masses adjacent to the caruncle. It is uncommon but if growing in adults it grows on the limbal conjunctiva and could be malignant.
UNASSIGNED: An Afro-American adult male developed two distinct conjunctival growths on his left lower lid. One growth was pedunculated and the second one sessile. The initial diagnosis of \'benign conjunctival papillomas\' was made. Patient was recommended to wait and watch. After about two years the neoplasia had doubled their sizes. Surgical excisional biopsy was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. The tumor beds were treated with intra-operative cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen and applying double-freeze-thaw technique. Histopathology proved the masses to be benign and caused by HPV. Recurrence and seeding of virus during surgical excision leading to multiple new masses are dreaded complications during management of conjunctival papilloma. Though a short follow-up, yet after three months there were no signs of recurrence.
UNASSIGNED: A brief review of literature is presented to highlight the fact that rarely such conjunctival papillomas may develop at unusual sites and in adults. We believe that the uncommon demographic and anatomic presentation of this case is worth sharing with ophthalmic community.

UNASSIGNED: Fibroepithelial polyps of the anus have been described as mucosal hypertrophy in response to chronic irritation or tissue damage. Lesions usually remain small and mostly present in elderly adults with local disease. Case Report: An otherwise healthy 15-year-old male presented with a giant pedunculated mass projecting out of the anal verge that enlarged over 2 years, causing discomfort. Results: Upon surgical excision and histologic examination, the mass resembled a fibroepithelial polyp with numerous dilated lymphatics. Conclusions: While literature describes the spectrum of pathology possible in such lesions, often consisting of a mixture of stromal and epithelial components, dilated lymphatics are less common. This giant anal fibroepithelial polyp characterized by edematous stroma and numerous dilated lymphatics is consistent with lymphangioma. To our knowledge, this presentation is novel in this age group with no underlying risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Subependymomas are rare benign, noninvasive tumors, classified by the World Health Organization as low grade neoplasms. International data estimate their frequency between 0.2% and 0.7% of the intracranial tumors, and they usually are an incidental finding in autopsies. Preferably located in the fourth ventricle, these tumors tend to become symptomatic when they cause hydrocephalous by obstructing cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
METHODS: We present the case of a morbidly obese, hypertense, and diabetic patient, who presented with symptoms of gait ataxia, sphincter incontinence, and dysartria in relation to a pedunculated subependymoma in the left lateral ventricle. He underwent a biparietal craniotomy with a microscopic microsurgical approach, through which gross total resection was achieved. No perioperative complications ensued.
CONCLUSIONS: Given their benign behavior and their excellent response to surgical treatment, subependymomas should be promptly diagnosed and surgically treated to avoid possible neurological damage when they become symptomatic.