工作场所药物测试(WDT)对于预防劳动力中的药物滥用障碍至关重要,因为它会损害工作绩效和安全性。然而,WDT受到许多挑战的限制,例如尿液掺假,标本选择,和新的精神活性物质(NPS)。本综述审查了与WDT相关的问题。在各种科学数据库中搜索了1986年(WDT开始时)至2024年1月之间发表的有关WDT药物检测的文章。评论讨论了历史,重要性,以及WDT的挑战,例如样本收集/测试的时间,标本掺假,干扰药物测试,和NPS的检测。它评估了在法医实验室中检测NPS的最佳方法。此外,它比较了可以增强WDT的不同技术,比如免疫测定,目标质谱,和非目标质谱。这些技术可用于筛选生物样品中已知和未知的药物和代谢物。这篇综述评估了这些技术的优缺点,比如他们的验证,identification,图书馆搜索,和参考标准。此外,这篇综述对比了不同样本对WDT的利弊,并讨论了将这些技术应用于WDT的研究。WDT仍然是防止工作场所药物滥用的最佳方法,尽管NPS带来的挑战和筛选方法的局限性。使用高分辨率液相色谱-质谱(MS)/气相色谱-串联MS的非靶向技术可以改善WDT期间药物的检测和识别,并提供有关患病率的有用信息,趋势,以及传统药物和NPS药物的毒性。最后,这篇综述表明,WDT可以通过使用多种技术的组合来改进,多个标本,和在线图书馆搜索在新的NPS的情况下,以及通过更新的方法和数据库,包括新的NPS和代谢物的出现。据作者所知,这是第一次审查解决NPS作为WDT及其应用中的一个问题,并提出了在工作场所环境中检测这些物质的最佳方法。
Workplace drug testing (WDT) is essential to prevent drug abuse disorders among the workforce because it can impair work performance and safety. However, WDT is limited by many challenges, such as urine adulteration, specimen selection, and new psychoactive substances (NPS). This
review examined the issues related to WDT. Various scientific databases were searched for articles on WDT for drug detection published between 1986 (when WDT started) and January 2024. The
review discussed the history, importance, and challenges of WDT, such as time of specimen collection/testing, specimen adulteration, interference in drug testing, and detection of NPS. It evaluated the best methods to detect NPS in forensic laboratories. Moreover, it compared different techniques that can enhance WDT, such as immunoassays, targeted mass spectrometry, and nontargeted mass spectrometry. These techniques can be used to screen for known and unknown drugs and metabolites in biological samples. This review assessed the strengths and weaknesses of such techniques, such as their validation, identification, library search, and reference standards. Furthermore, this
review contrasted the benefits and drawbacks of different specimens for WDT and discussed studies that have applied these techniques for WDT. WDT remains the best approach for preventing drug abuse in the workplace, despite the challenges posed by NPS and limitations of the screening methods. Nontargeted techniques using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/gas chromatography-tandem MS can improve the detection and identification of drugs during WDT and provide useful information regarding the prevalence, trends, and toxicity of both traditional and NPS drugs. Finally, this
review suggested that WDT can be improved by using a combination of techniques, multiple specimens, and online library searches in case of new NPS as well as by updating the methods and databases to include new NPS and metabolites as they emerge. To the best of the author\'s knowledge, this is the first
review to address NPS as an issue in WDT and its application and propose the best methods to detect these substances in the workplace environment.