UNASSIGNED: In the field of forensic science, accurately determining occupation of an individual can greatly assist in resolving cases such as criminal investigations or disaster victim identifications. However, estimating occupation can be challenging due to the intricate relationship between occupation and various factors, including gender, age, living environment, health status, medication use, and lifestyle habits such as alcohol consumption and smoking. All of these factors can impact the composition of oral or gut microbial community of an individual.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, we collected saliva and feces samples from individuals representing different occupational sectors, specifically students and manual laborers. We then performed metagenomic sequencing on the DNA extracted from these samples to obtain data that could be analyzed for taxonomic and functional annotations in five different databases. The correlation between occupation with microbial information was assisted from the perspective of α and β diversity, showing that individuals belonging to the two occupations hold significantly different oral and gut microbial communities, and that this correlation is basically not affected by gender, drinking, and smoking in our datasets. Finally, random forest (RF) models were built with recursive feature elimination (RFE) processes. Models with 100% accuracy in both training and testing sets were constructed based on three species in saliva samples or on a single pathway annotated by the KEGG database in fecal samples, namely, \"ko04145\" or Phagosome.
UNASSIGNED: Although this study may have limited representativeness due to its small sample size, it provides preliminary evidence of the potential of using microbiome information for occupational inference.

A 32-year-old female with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection presented to an Australian hospital with subacute, worsening symptoms of encephalitis. Metagenomic sequencing and Dengue NS3 antigen staining of brain tissue confirmed active dengue virus (DENV) encephalitis. The most recent possible DENV exposure was months prior in West Africa, indicating chronicity.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumours with increasing incidence, and oral leukoplakia (OLK) has a strong tendency to undergo malignant transformation. The oral microbiota may influence oral cancer progression, but the salivary bacterial composition and functional changes in OSCC and OLK have not been comprehensively elucidated. Therefore, we compared salivary bacteria in OLK and OSCC patients with healthy controls (HC).
Metagenomic sequencing was used to compare the bacterial composition and functional changes of 18 OSCC patients, 21 OLK patients and 21 HC. Spearman correlation was used to identify possible associations between functions and bacteria.
Gemella was the most differentially enriched genus in OSCC. At the species level, Streptococcus sp. NPS 308, Streptococcus agalactiae, Gemella haemolysans and Gemella morbillorum were slightly increased in OLK and OSCC. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results showed that OSCC was mainly associated with metabolism functions, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. The synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, cysteine and methionine metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism differed significantly among the three groups, and were highest in OSCC and lowest in HC. And G. haemolysans was significantly associated with these selected metabolic pathways.
Metagenomic analysis revealed significant differences in the salivary microbiota among OSCC, OLK and HC. Thus, salivary microbiota composition and functional changes may be associated with OSCC progression. Metabolism of nonessential amino acids such as cysteine and methionine in bacteria may play an important role in oral oncogenesis, and more studies of the mechanism between metabolisms of bacteria and oral oncogenesis are needed in the future.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by social communication impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors. In addition to behavioral interventions and psychotherapies, and pharmacological interventions, in-depth studies of intestinal microbiota in ASD has obvious abnormalities which may effectively influenced in ASD. Several attempts have been made to indicate that microbiota can reduce the occurrence of ASD effectively. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a type of biological therapy that involves the transplant of intestinal microbiota from healthy donors into the patient\'s gastrointestinal tract to improve the gut microenvironment. In this case report, we describe a case of child ASD treated by FMT. The patient have poor response to long-term behavioral interventions. After five rounds of FMT, clinical core symptoms of ASD and gastrointestinal(GI) symptoms were significantly altered. Moreover, the multiple levels of functional development of child were also significantly ameliorated. We found that FMT changed the composition of the intestinal microbiota as well as the metabolites, intestinal inflammatory manifestations, and these changes were consistent with the patient\'s symptoms. This report suggests further FMT studies in ASD could be worth pursuing, and more studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of FMT in ASD and its mechanisms.

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increased risk of infections, autoimmunity, autoinflammatory diseases, malignancy and allergy. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the identification of genetic background of these patients and assists in diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we identified a probable unique monogenic cause of IEI, and evaluated the immunological methods and pathogenic detections.
A family with a member with a clinical diagnosis of IEI was screened by whole genomic sequencing (WGS). Demographic data, clinical manifestations, medical history, physical examination, laboratory findings and imaging features of the patient were extracted from medical records. Comprehensive immune monitoring methods include a complete blood count with differential, serum levels of cytokines and autoantibodies, T-cell and B-cell subsets analysis and measurement of serum immunoglobulins. In addition, metagenomic sequencing (mNGS) of blood, cerebrospinal fluid and biopsy from small intestine were used to detect potential pathogens.
The patient manifested with recurrent infections and autoimmune disorders, who was eventually diagnosed with IEI. Repetitive mNGS tests of blood, cerebrospinal fluid and biopsy from small intestine didn\'t detect pathogenic microorganism. Immunological tests showed a slightly decreased level of IgG than normal, elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. Lymphocyte flow cytometry showed elevated total B cells and natural killer cells, decreased total T cells and B-cell plasmablasts. WGS of the patient identified a novel heterozygous mutation in IRF2BP2 (c.439_450dup p. Thr147_Pro150dup), which was also confirmed in his father. The mutation was classified as variant of uncertain significance (VUS) according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines.
We identified a novel IRF2BP2 mutation in a family with a member diagnosed with IEI. Immune monitoring and WGS as auxiliary tests are helpful in identifying genetic defects and assisting diagnosis in patients with clinically highly suspected immune abnormalities and deficiencies in inflammation regulation. In addition, mNGS techniques allow a more comprehensive assessment of the pathogenic characteristics of these patients. This report further validates the association of IRF2BP2 deficiency and IEI, and expands IEI phenotypes.

(1) Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with obvious microbiota dysbiosis in the third trimester of pregnancy. However, the mechanisms behind these changes remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between the gut microbiome in early pregnancy and PIH occurrence. (2) Methods: A nested case-control study design was used based on the follow-up cohort. Thirty-five PIH patients and thirty-five matched healthy pregnant women were selected as controls. The gut microbiome profiles were assessed in the first trimester using metagenomic sequencing. (3) Results: Diversity analyses showed that microbiota diversity was altered in early pregnancy. At the species level, eight bacterial species were enriched in healthy controls: Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Ruminococcus torques, Oscillibacter unclassified, Akkermansia muciniphila, Clostridium citroniae, Parasutterella excrementihominis and Burkholderiales bacterium_1_1_47. Conversely, Eubacterium rectale, and Ruminococcus bromii were enriched in PIH patients. The results of functional analysis showed that the changes in these different microorganisms may affect the blood pressure of pregnant women by affecting the metabolism of vitamin K2, sphingolipid, lipid acid and glycine. (4) Conclusion: Microbiota dysbiosis in PIH patients begins in the first trimester of pregnancy, and this may be associated with the occurrence of PIH. Bacterial pathway analyses suggest that the gut microbiome might lead to the development of PIH through the alterations of function modules.

A previously healthy male patient had detectable monkeypox virus DNA in saliva 76 days after laboratory confirmation of infection. A comprehensive characterization of viral kinetics and a detailed follow-up indicated a declining risk for transmission during the weeks after monkeypox symptoms appeared.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Not only genetics, but the intestinal environment affected by gut microbiota is also the key to pathogenesis. Besides the occurrence of diabetes, gut microbiota dysbiosis may also contribute to the development of diabetes-related complications. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging technique that had shown its potential as a treatment for metabolic disease. Here, we report the first case of T1DM with malnutrition and gastrointestinal symptoms treated with FMT. A 24-year-old T1DM patient suffered from poor blood glucose control, recurrent nausea and vomiting, severe malnutrition, and intractable constipation after insulin treatment. The clinical response of the patients after FMT was well, especially nausea and vomiting were significantly relieved. In addition, constipation, nutritional status, and blood glucose control (fasting blood glucose, HbA1c) gradually improved. A degree of similarity was found in gut microbiota composition between the patient and healthy donor after FMT while it was totally different before the treatment. Furthermore, pathway function analysis of MetaCYC database implies that the potential mechanism of the response of FMT may be driven by specific bacteria involved in several metabolic pathways that need further exploration. To sum up, we believe that the reconstruction of intestinal flora by FMT may be a new choice for the treatment of T1DM patients with malnutrition.

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. Although all of the clinically diagnosed cases display normal intelligence and speech functions, barriers in social interaction and communication seriously affect mental health and psychological function. In addition to traditional psychological/behavioral training and symptomatic medication, in-depth studies of intestinal microbiota and mental health have indicated that probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus rhamnosus) can effectively reduce the occurrence of AS. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a type of biological therapy that involves the transplant of intestinal microbiota from healthy donors into the patient\'s gastrointestinal tract to improve the gut microenvironment. In this case report, we describe the first case of adult AS treated with FMT. The patient suffered from diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome for 6 years with symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain. After three rounds of FMT, the diarrhea and abdominal pain were significantly improved. Moreover, the symptoms of AS were also significantly ameliorated. We found that FMT changed the structure of the intestinal microbiota as well as the patient\'s serum metabolites, and these changes were consistent with the patient\'s symptoms. The metabolites may affect signaling pathways, as revealed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. The changes in microbial metabolites following FMT may affect other regions (e.g., the nervous system) via the circulatory system, such that the bacteria-gut-blood-brain axis may be the means through which FMT mitigates AS.

Catabacter hongkongensis, an increasingly recognized bacteria in clinical samples, was identified by direct metagenomic sequencing of positive blood culture fluid from a 55-year-old patient with colonic perforation. The bacteremia was cleared by both antibiotic treatment and surgical intervention. This is the first case report of C. hongkongensis infection in the US.