目的:本综述旨在提供关于鞭打后可用于检测假病症状的策略的最新概述。鞭打相关疾病(WAD)是最常见的交通伤害,对全球经济和医疗保健系统产生重大影响。鞭打伤后可能出现的不均匀症状很难客观化,通常是根据自我报告的投诉确定的。这些元素,连同诉讼背景,使欺诈性索赔特别有可能。至关重要的是,目前,没有明确的证据表明可用于检测有恶意的WAD的仪器。
方法:我们对检测恶意WAD所采用的方法进行了有针对性的文献综述。相关研究是通过Medline(PubMed)和Scopus数据库确定的,截至2020年9月。
结果:审查中包括22种方法,分为生物力学技术,应用于法医环境的临床工具,和基于认知的测谎技术。介绍了每种方法的优缺点,并讨论了未来的方向。
结论:尽管已经开发了多种技术来识别法医背景下的恶意行为,目前的工作强调了目前缺乏严格的方法来评估WAD,这些方法既考虑了综合征的异质性,也考虑到了存在恶意的可能性.我们得出的结论是,提高人们对鞭打案件中存在恶意行为的认识至关重要,并强调对小说的需求,在这一领域的高质量研究,有可能为开发用于评估WAD和检测恶意行为的标准化程序做出贡献。
OBJECTIVE: The present
review is intended to provide an up-to-date overview of the strategies available to detect malingered symptoms following whiplash. Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) represent the most common traffic injuries, having a major impact on economic and healthcare systems worldwide. Heterogeneous symptoms that may arise following whiplash injuries are difficult to objectify and are normally determined based on self-reported complaints. These elements, together with the litigation context, make fraudulent claims particularly likely. Crucially, at present, there is no clear evidence of the instruments available to detect malingered WADs.
METHODS: We conducted a targeted literature
review of the methodologies adopted to detect malingered WADs. Relevant studies were identified via Medline (PubMed) and Scopus databases published up to September 2020.
RESULTS: Twenty-two methodologies are included in the
review, grouped into biomechanical techniques, clinical tools applied to forensic settings, and cognitive-based lie detection techniques. Strengths and weaknesses of each methodology are presented, and future directions are discussed.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the variety of techniques that have been developed to identify malingering in forensic contexts, the present work highlights the current lack of rigorous methodologies for the assessment of WADs that take into account both the heterogeneous nature of the syndrome and the possibility of malingering. We conclude that it is pivotal to promote awareness about the presence of malingering in whiplash cases and highlight the need for novel, high-quality research in this field, with the potential to contribute to the development of standardised procedures for the evaluation of WADs and the detection of malingering.