The objective of this study was to explore the influence of different factors on the aggregation effect on hemoglobin (Hb) and enzymes during the preparation of Polyhemoglobin-Superoxide dismutase-Catalase-Carbonic anhydrase (PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA). Several factors including temperatures, pH values, Glutaraldehyde (GDA) amounts and enzymes amounts were investigated systematically to study their effects on the enzymes recoveries and polymerization rates including the Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Carbonic anhydrase (CA), as well as their effects on the molecular weight distribution of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA. Then the oxygen affinity and methemoglobin (MetHb) contents of obtained PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA were measured to evaluate the effects of enzyme crosslinking on the properties of Polyhemoglobin (PolyHb) moieties in the molecular structure of obtained PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate. The results showed that the enzyme recoveries and polymerization rates could be decreased with the temperatures increasing and could be generally kept stable in the physiological pH conditions, but presented only slight changes among the investigated enzyme amounts ranges. Although the GDA concentration increasing could promote the enzyme polymerization rates, the enzyme recoveries decreased in whole. The polymerization rate and molecular size of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate increased with the elevation of temperature and the concentration of GDA. Lastly, the P50 values, Hill coefficients, and MetHb contents of PolyHb-SOD-CAT-CA conjugate with different enzyme crosslinking degrees exhibited no obvious differences with each other. In conclusion, the polymerization reactions between enzymes and Hb molecules could be remarkably affected by temperatures, pH values, and GDA amounts, and the enzyme crosslinking presented no obvious effects on the Hb properties, especially about the oxygen affinity and oxidation degrees.

The microencapsulation of α-tocopherol based on the complex coacervation of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) without harmful crosslinkers can provide biocompatible carriers that protect it from photodegradation and air oxidation. In this study, the influence of the microcapsule wall composition on carrier performance, compatibility with a high-water-content vehicle for topical application, and release of α-tocopherol were investigated. Although the absence of aldehyde crosslinkers decreased the encapsulation efficiency of α-tocopherol (~70%), the variation in the LMWC/SLES mass ratio (2:1 or 1:1) had no significant effect on the moisture content and microcapsule size. The prepared microcapsule-loaded carbomer hydrogels were soft semisolids with pseudoplastic flow behavior. The integrity of microcapsules embedded in the hydrogel was confirmed by light microscopy. The microcapsules reduced the pH, apparent viscosity, and hysteresis area of the hydrogels, while increasing their spreading ability on a flat inert surface and dispersion rate in artificial sweat. The in vitro release of α-tocopherol from crosslinker-free microcapsule-loaded hydrogels was diffusion-controlled. The release profile was influenced by the LMWC/SLES mass ratio, apparent viscosity, type of synthetic membrane, and acceptor medium composition. Better data quality for the model-independent analysis was achieved when a cellulose nitrate membrane and ethyl alcohol 60% w/w as acceptor medium were used.

We aimed to determine whether adhesive components could increase the release time of effective fluoride concentration from an experimental fluoride varnish applied to bovine teeth. An experimental fluoride varnish containing 5% sodium fluoride (EX1) was prepared and combined with 35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (EX2), 5% glutaraldehyde (EX3), or 35% HEMA/5% glutaraldehyde mixture (EX4). Two commercially available fluoride varnishes were used for comparison. Each group was applied to bovine incisors, and the fluoride release and pH were monitored for 30 days. Cell viability analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were performed. EX4 released the highest and most effective concentration of fluoride for the longest period and reached neutral pH at the earliest; the release was maintained for up to 30 days without cytotoxicity. In conclusion, EX4 is considered to be the most effective varnish to prevent dental caries.

This study investigated the impact of a support matrix and active group on the support to the nutritional properties of orange juice after juice clarification. Pectinase was immobilized on chitosan and aminated silica supports, activated with genipin or glutaraldehyde, and applied for juice clarification. The effects on various juice properties, including reducing sugars, total soluble solids, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds, juice color, and pH, were evaluated. The results revealed that the immobilization on chitosan activated using genipin resulted in the highest biocatalyst activity (1211.21 U·g-1). The juice treatments using the biocatalysts led to turbidity reduction in the juice (up to 90%), with the highest reductions observed in treatments involving immobilized enzyme on chitosan. Importantly, the enzymatic treatments preserved the natural sugar content, total soluble solids, and pH of the juice. Color differences between treated and raw juice samples were especially relevant for those treated using enzymes, with significant differences in L* and b*, showing loss of yellow vivid color. Analysis of phenolic compounds and vitamin C showed no significant alterations after the enzymatic treatment of the raw juice. According to our results, the clarification of orange juice using immobilized enzymes can be a compromise in turbidity reduction and color reduction to maintain juice quality.

The aim was to compare the efficacy of various herbal disinfectants on irreversible hydrocolloid impressions and to investigate the effectiveness of three herbal disinfectants and a chemical disinfectant against particular pathogens.
In vitro -a comparative study.
The following methodology was followed to achieve the objectives. Four maxillary impressions were made for each selected patient with irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. The predisinfection swabs were taken from impression sites of teeth 17, 13, 27, and 23 (FDI system of tooth numbering). The impressions were immersed in all four different disinfectants such as 2% glutaraldehyde, Aloe vera solution, 50% neem oil, and apple vinegar solution, then the postdisinfection swabs were taken from the same sites 17,13,27,23 and then cultured onto sheep blood agar and examined for growth, and colony forming units (CFUs) of Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Actinomyces viscosus. The comparative analysis was done for the predisinfection and postdisinfection values in each study group.
Descriptive analysis, Kruskal Wallis test, Mann Whitney post hoc test, Wilcoxon signed rank test.
The results revealed that the mean CFUs of S. viridans, S. mutans, S. sanguis, and A. viscosus during postdisinfection samples were statistically significant when compared to predisinfection samples. Multiple comparison of the mean CFUs of all 4 microorganisms in the control group and in 50% Neem oil group was significantly lesser compared to A. vera and Apple Vinegar group.
CFUs of S. viridans, S. mutans, S. sanguis, and A. viscosus significantly decreased in the 50% neem oil group as well as the control group. As a result, 50% Neem oil was a viable option for disinfecting alginate impressions.

UNASSIGNED: This study evaluated the effect of three collagen cross-linking agents - proanthocyanidins (grape seed extract [GSE] and green tea extract [GTE]) and glutaraldehyde [GA] on microshear bond strength (μSBS) of caries-affected dentin (CAD)-resin complex.
UNASSIGNED: Freshly extracted 96 teeth with caries up to the middle third of dentin were sectioned through the deepest part of the occlusal fissure, perpendicular to the long axis of the crown. Caries was excavated with large round bur until firm dentin was obtained, confirmed by visual inspection and tactile examination. Flat occlusal dentin surfaces were treated as follows: Group-1 - 6.5% GSE (n = 30), Group-2 - 2% GTE (n = 30), Group-3 - 5% Glutaraldehyde (n = 30), Group-4 - control group (no agents) (n = 6). Each group was further divided into Subgroup A - Etch-N-Rinse 15s, Subgroup B - Etch-N-Rinse 45s, and Subgroup C - Self-etch. Two increments of 1.5-mm thick composite (Tetric-N-Ceram - Ivoclar Vivadent) with a 1-mm diameter were built-up. Each sample was subjected to μSBS test in Universal Testing Machine. Student\'s t-test was done for intragroup comparison and one-way ANOVA for intergroup comparison.
UNASSIGNED: Statistically significant difference was present in mean μSBS, with Group 1B showing the best results and Group 4C, the least.
UNASSIGNED: Thus, the application of these collagen cross-linkers, to CAD, increases μSBS and promises a new approach to improve dentin bond strength.

Addition silicone is a newer type of silicone impression material which has high dimensional stability, accuracy, and flexibility. They are mostly used for fixed restorations such as crowns and bridges. They have high tear strength; however, this strength may be altered upon disinfection. Disinfection of addition silicone prior use is important to reduce the microbial load. The aim of this study is to check whether there is any change in tear strength of addition silicone on disinfection with two commercially available disinfectants. Zhermack Elite HD + Putty material was tested in this study. Base and catalyst material was mixed and the material was cut into strips of dimension 70 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm. Five strips were immersed in sterillium and five strips were immersed in glutaraldehyde solution. These strips were then tested for their tear strength using Instron E3000 Universal Testing Machine. The values obtained were recorded in SPSS software version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) for analysis and the P was obtained. The mean tear strength of Group 1, addition silicone immersed in sterillium disinfecting solution was found to be 7.148 ± 2.654 kN/m. The mean tear strength of Group 2, addition silicone immersed in glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution was found to be 7.326 ± 4.062 kN/m. An unpaired Student\'s t-test was done and P was found to be 0.235. The tear strength values between the groups was statistically not significant. Hence the tear strength of addition silicone was found to be greater in the glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution group.

When evaluating the efficacy and safety of various desensitizing products in vitro, their mechanism of action and clinical utility should be considered during test model selection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two desensitizers, an in-office use material and an at-home use material, on dentin specimen permeability, and their dentin barrier cytotoxicity with appropriate test models.
Two materials, GLUMA desensitizer (GLU) containing glutaraldehyde and remineralizing and desensitizing gel (RD) containing sodium fluoride and fumed silica, were selected. Human dentin specimens were divided into three groups (n = 6): in groups 1 and 2, GLU was applied, and in group 3, RD was applied and immersed in artificial saliva (AS) for 24 h. Dentin specimen permeability before and after each treatment/post-treatment was measured using a hydraulic device under a pressure of 20 cm H2O. The perfusion fluid was deionized water, except in group 2 where 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used. The representative specimens before and after treatment from each group were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. To measure cytotoxicity, test materials were applied to the occlusal surfaces of human dentin disks under which three-dimensional cell scaffolds were placed. After 24-h contact within the test device, cell viability was measured via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays.
GLU significantly reduced the dentin permeability and occluded the dentinal tubules when 2% BSA was used as perfusion fluid. RD significantly reduced dentin permeability and occluded the tubules, but permeability rebounded after AS immersion. GLU significantly decreased cell viability, but RD was non-cytotoxic.
In vitro GLU application induced effective dentinal tubule occlusion only following the introduction of simulated dentinal fluid. RD provided effective tubule occlusion, but its full remineralization potential was not realized after a short period of immersion in AS. GLU may harm the pulp, whereas RD is sufficiently biocompatible.

UNASSIGNED: The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy of two proven chemical disinfectants, glutaraldehyde and povidone iodine on dental impression and models by determining the reduction in the microbial load, and to compare changes in the physical properties of the models after adding the disinfectants.
UNASSIGNED: Irreversible hydrocolloid upper impressions of 90 patients were made and divided into 3 groups of 30 samples each; Group A--Control group; Impressions were run under clean tap water before pouring the model. Group B--2% Glutaraldehyde sprayed on the impression and left in situ for 10 min before pouring the model. Group C -10 ml of (5%) povidone iodine incorporated into the gypsum before pouring the model. Models from all three groups were subjected to microbiological assessment at three different time intervals, T0--24 h, T1--1 month and T2--3 months of storage by comparing the colony forming units (CFUs) of bacteria and fungi. The compressive strength of 5 models from each group was also analyzed in Newton\'s/mm2.
UNASSIGNED: 2% Glutaraldehyde proved more effective than povidone iodine after 24 h of storage (T1), however at the end of 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T2) the Povidone group showed the maximum disinfection. Both the disinfectants caused a reduction in the compressive strength of the model with the povidone iodine group showing the maximum reduction.
UNASSIGNED: Although povidone iodine was the most effective disinfectant after 3 months, it showed a significant reduction in the compressive strength and caused discoloration of the model. 2% Glutaraldehyde proved to be the choice of disinfectant with minimal adverse effects.

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of novel coatings based on (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (AP) mixed with different amounts of glutaraldehyde (GA). The synthesized coatings have been layered on a glass substrate and characterized by optical microscopy and roughness measurements, thermogravimetric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry, contact angle analysis, rheological measurement, and an adhesion test. It was observed that the higher the GA content (up to AP:GA ratio of 0.3), the sooner the crosslinking reaction starts, leading to a coating with increased hydrophobic and adhesion features without compromising the final AP cross-linked network. Hence, the obtained results show the effectiveness of AP modification with GA from the perspective of an application as protective coatings.