UNASSIGNED: Oil tea is a type of traditional tea beverage used for treating various ailments in minority population in Guangxi, China. Our previous study showed oil tea improved glucose and lipid levels in type 2 diabetic mice. Yet, the underling molecular mechanisms are still not understood. This study aimed at assessing the effect of oil tea on glucose homeostasis and elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the oil tea-induced antidiabetic effects.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty seven db/db mice were gavaged with saline, metformin and oil tea for 8 weeks with measurement of biochemical profiles. A real-time2 (RT2) profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array comprising 84 genes involved in glucose metabolism was measured and validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The association between the candidate genes and type 2 diabetes were further analyzed in a case-control study in the Chinese minority population.
UNASSIGNED: Oil tea treatment facilitated glucose homeostasis by decreasing fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol, and improving glucose tolerance. Suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) expression was observed in the oil tea treatment group and the expression was significantly correlated with fasting blood glucose levels. Target prediction and functional annotation by WEB-based GEne SeT AnaLysis Toolkit (WebGestalt) revealed that PCK1 mainly involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway among the top Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways. Both rs707555 and rs2071023 in PCK1 were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in the minority population of Guangxi.
UNASSIGNED: Our findings indicated oil tea improved glucose homeostasis via down-regulation of PCK1 and PCK1 may be a genetic marker for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Objective: This study investigated the efficacy of 5-year testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on lipid profile and glucose tolerance in Japanese hypogonadal men.Methods: Fourteen patients, who received continuous TRT for 5 years, and 22 controls with 5-year observations were enrolled. The patients in the TRT group had received intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate (250 mg) every month for 5 years. We collected the following data: blood pressure, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-Chol values, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) level at baseline, 1-, 3-, and 5-years from initial intervention. These data were compared between the two groups.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in any other baseline characteristic, excluding SBP, between the two groups. FBS was significantly improved at 3- and 5-year visits in the TRT group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the HbA1c level and TG value demonstrated a significant decrease at 1-, 3-, and 5-years in the TRT group. However, no significant difference in changes to PSA levels from baseline in both groups was observed.Conclusions: Five-year TRT could improve FBS, HbA1c, and TG levels among Japanese hypogonadal men with no significant increase in PSA.

To investigate the associations between irisin and leptin levels in obesity and insulin resistance in a cross sectional study. To assess the potential role of irisin and leptin as a predictive marker of T2DM using a nested case-control study.
Both studies were designed within the longitudinal VA NAS cohort. The cross sectional study involved 111 non obese and 105 obese subjects who were subdivided into two groups based on their fasting glucose tolerance. In the nested 1:3 case-control study, 47 subjects with T2DM and 140 non-diabetic controls were selected. Serum samples collected 3-5 years before the diagnosis of T2DM were analyzed. Irisin and leptin concentrations were measured using a validated ELISA and radioimmunoassay respectively.
In the cross-sectional study, irisin did not differ between groups based on their fasting glucose tolerance. When subjects were grouped based on obesity status, both irisin and leptin concentrations were significantly higher in obese compared to the non-obese group (p=0.03 and <0.001, respectively). Irisin concentrations positively correlated with leptin concentrations (r= 0.392, P < 0.001). In the nested case control study, leptin concentrations were a significant predictor of developing diabetes (p=0.005) in unadjusted models, but not after correcting for BMI, whereas irisin concentrations did not play a role of comparable significance.
Leptin concentrations are higher in the obese group irrespective of their glucose tolerance. Obese individuals with impaired fasting glucose have higher concentrations of circulating irisin compared to non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Irisin concentrations do not predict risk of developing diabetes prospectively.

Although diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, some reports suggest that renal biopsy often shows this pathological change without a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old man who presented with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hypertension without a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. He drank alcohol regularly and was a heavy smoker. Renal biopsy revealed a diffuse increase in the mesangial area, mesangial nodules or well-developed hyalinosis, interstitial fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis consistent with the changes of diabetic nephropathy. Although we had initially diagnosed him with idiopathic nodular glomerulosclerosis, use of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) revealed that the changes in his daily blood glucose concentrations met with the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, we diagnosed him with diabetic nephropathy and initiated treatment for diabetes mellitus. This case suggests that some cases of diabetic nephropathy may be hidden among patients with impaired glucose tolerance, who are not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Use of a CGMS may be helpful in diagnosing this type of \"hidden\" diabetes mellitus. In addition to diet therapy, smoking control, treatment for hypertension, and strict control of hyperglycemia may be important for these patients.

This case report demonstrates a successful approach to managing patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Botanical herbs (including Gymnema sylvestre) and nutrients (including alpha lipoic acid and chromium) were used alongside metformin to help improve insulin sensitization; however, the greatest emphasis of treatment for this patient centered on a low-carbohydrate, whole-foods diet and regular exercise that shifted the focus to the patient\'s role in controlling their disease. Research on DM2 often focuses on improving drug efficacy while diet and lifestyle are generally overlooked as both a preventive and curative tool. During the 7 months of treatment, the patient\'s hemoglobin A1c and fasting glucose significantly decreased to within normal ranges and both cholesterol and liver enzyme markers normalized. A significant body of evidence already exists advocating for disease management using various diets, including Mediterranean, low-carb, and low-fat vegan diets; however, no clear dietary standards have been established. This study supports the use of naturopathic medicine as well as dietary and lifestyle changes to develop the most efficacious approach for the treatment of DM2.
此份病例报告证明了对 2 型糖 尿病（DM2）患者的成功管理办 法。草药（包括匙羹藤）和营养 素（包括硫辛酸和铬）与二甲双 胍一起用于帮助改善胰岛素的敏 化作用。但此患者的治疗主要着 重于低碳水化合物、天然健康饮 食以及定期运动，因此患者的角 色主要变成了控制疾病。2 型糖 尿病的研究通常主要在于提高药 物效用，而饮食和生活方式通常 被忽略，只将其作为一种预防和 治疗工具。在治疗的 7 个月 内，患者的血红蛋白 A1c 和空 腹血糖均大大降低至正常范围以 内，而且血脂和肝酶标记均正 常。大量证据已经存在，倡议疾 病管理可使用不同的饮食，包括 地中海式、低碳水化合物和低脂 的素食饮食。但还未建立清晰的 饮食标准。此研究支持使用自然 疗法药物以及饮食和生活方式的 改变，以制定对 2 型糖尿病最 有效的治疗方法。.
Este informe de un caso muestra un enfoque satisfactorio para el control de pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2). Se utilizaron hierbas (incluida la Gymnema sylvestre) y nutrientes (incluido el ácido alfa-lipoico y el cromo) junto con metformina para ayudar a mejorar la sensibilización a la insulina; sin embargo, el mayor énfasis del tratamiento para este paciente se centró en una dieta con alimentos no procesados y baja en carbohidratos y ejercicio regular, lo que desplazó el foco hacia el papel del paciente en el control de su enfermedad. La investigación sobre la DM2 se centra a menudo en mejorar la eficacia de los fármacos, mientras que se soslaya el papel del estilo de vida y de la dieta como herramientas preventivas y curativas. Durante los siete meses de tratamiento, la hemoglobina A1c y la glucosa en ayunas del paciente se redujeron significativamente hasta los niveles normales y tanto el colesterol como los marcadores enzimáticos hepáticos se normalizaron. Ya existen numerosas evidencias significativas que abogan por el control de la enfermedad usando diferentes dietas, entre las que se incluyen la dieta mediterránea, la dieta baja en carbohidratos y la dieta vegana baja en grasas; sin embargo, no se han establecido patrones dietéticos claros. Este estudio respalda el uso de la naturopatía, así como los cambios en la dieta y el estilo de vida, para desarrollar el enfoque más eficaz posible para el tratamiento de la DM2.