成人生活阶段包含一系列新的体验,机遇,以及影响健康和福祉的责任。在这个人生阶段,美国黑人的健康差距继续增加,黑人成年人有不成比例的肥胖负担,慢性疾病,合并症,与白人同龄人相比,治疗效果更差。虽然这些差异的许多潜在因素可能与长期存在的社会政治因素有关,例如系统性种族主义,粮食不安全,和难以获得医疗保健,还有一些可改变的风险因素,已知会显著影响健康结果,例如改善饮食质量,增加体力活动,不吸烟。在已知影响健康的所有可改变的风险因素中,改善饮食习惯是与更好的体重和慢性疾病结局最相关的因素.在《2020-2025年美国人饮食指南》(DGA)推荐的实现更健康饮食模式的主要食物类别中,乳制品的营养成分与美国黑人消费不足最接近(例如,维生素A,维生素D,钙,镁)。然而,黑人成年人倾向于每天食用建议的乳制品的一半以下,在某种程度上,由于乳糖不耐受的问题,使更高的乳制品摄入量成为改善该人群饮食质量和健康的理想目标。这篇综述审查了目前探索乳制品摄入量之间联系的证据,肥胖,心血管代谢疾病的风险,慢性肾病,和最常见的癌症类型,特别关注黑人成年人的健康和差距。总的来说,过去10年发表的关于乳制品摄入量和健康结局的大多数系统评价和/或荟萃分析的证据都是针对白人人群进行的,而在很大程度上排除了针对黑人人群的研究.这项广泛的研究结果表明,当与能量限制饮食合作时,与较低的摄入量(每天<2份)相比,达到或超过DGA推荐的每日3份乳制品与更好的体重和组成结果以及更低的最常见慢性疾病发病率相关.除了每天消耗的份数,特定类型(例如,牛奶,酸奶,奶酪)和亚型(例如,低脂肪,发酵,强化)消费也被证明在这些食物如何影响健康方面发挥着重要作用。例如,更高的发酵乳制品摄入量(例如,酸奶)和维生素D强化乳制品似乎对降低慢性病风险具有最大的保护作用。除了不含乳糖的牛奶和奶酪,酸奶一般乳糖也低,使其成为乳糖不耐受者的绝佳选择,他们正试图满足DGA关于乳制品摄入量的建议。
The adult life stage encompasses a range of new experiences, opportunities, and responsibilities that impact health and well-being. During this life stage, health disparities continue to increase for Black Americans, with Black adults having a disproportionate burden of obesity, chronic diseases, comorbidities, and worse treatment outcomes compared to their White peers. While many of the underlying factors for these disparities can be linked to longstanding sociopolitical factors such as systemic racism, food insecurity, and poor access to healthcare, there are also several modifiable risk factors that are known to significantly impact health outcomes, such as improving diet quality, increasing physical activity, and not smoking. Of all the modifiable risk factors known to impact health, improving dietary habits is the factor most consistently associated with better outcomes for body weight and chronic disease. Of the major food groups recommended by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) for achieving healthier dietary patterns, dairy foods have a nutrient profile which matches most closely to what Black Americans are inadequately consuming (e.g., vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium). However, Black adults tend to consume less than half the recommended daily servings of
dairy foods, in part, due to issues with lactose intolerance, making higher intake of
dairy foods an ideal target for improving diet quality and health in this population. This
review examines the current body of evidence exploring the links between
dairy intake, obesity, cardiometabolic disease risk, chronic kidney disease, and the most common types of cancer, with a special focus on health and disparities among Black adults. Overall, the evidence from most systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses published in the last decade on dairy intake and health outcomes has been conducted on White populations and largely excluded research on Black populations. The findings from this extensive body of research indicate that when teamed with an energy-restricted diet, meeting or exceeding the DGA recommended 3 daily servings of
dairy foods is associated with better body weight and composition outcomes and lower rates of most common chronic diseases than lower intake (<2 servings per day). In addition to the number of daily servings consumed, the specific types (e.g., milk, yogurt, cheese) and subtypes (e.g., low-fat, fermented, fortified) consumed have also been shown to play major roles in how these foods impact health. For example, higher intake of fermented
dairy foods (e.g., yogurt) and vitamin D fortified
dairy products appear to have the most protective effects for reducing chronic disease risk. Along with lactose-free milk and cheese, yogurt is also generally low in lactose, making it an excellent option for individuals with lactose intolerance, who are trying to meet the DGA recommendations for dairy food intake.