UNASSIGNED: Neuroglial heterotopia is a rare lesion composed of differentiated neuroectodermal cells that manifest in extracranial locations, with the majority of cases predominantly occurring in the head and neck region. Retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia is exceptionally rare, with isolated cases published in the scientific literature.
UNASSIGNED: Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl who was admitted without clinical signs but presented with a palpable abdominal mass. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scans revealed a sizable cystic lesion within the retroperitoneal space. Subsequently, laparoscopic resection was performed. Histological examination unveiled neuroglial cell-lined cysts encompassing fibrous connective tissue, ganglia, glial tissue, and nerve bundles. Notably, distinct areas and cell types exhibited expression of S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neuron-specific enolase. Follow-up assessments revealed no relapses or late complications.
UNASSIGNED: In cases of retroperitoneal neuroglial heterotopia, most children may remain asymptomatic without any congenital anomalies. Despite their detectability through imaging, accurate preoperative diagnosis is seldom achieved. Generally, a favorable prognosis follows complete surgical resection, although further cases are required to confirm its long-term efficacy, necessitating extended follow-up for verification.

Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma is a rare neuroectodermal tumor with a benign nature. We performed a literature review among 338 studies. We included 9 studies, whose patients underwent CT and/or MRI to characterize a retroperitoneal mass, which was confirmed to be a ganglioneuroma by histologic exam. The most common features of ganglioneuroma are considered to be a solid nature, oval/lobulated shape, and regular margins. The ganglioneuroma shows a progressive late enhancement on CT. On MRI it appears as a hypointense mass in T1W images and with a heterogeneous high-intensity in T2W. The MRI-\"whorled sign\" is described in the reviewed studies in about 80% of patients. The MRI characterization of a primitive retroperitoneal cystic mass should not exclude a cystic evolution from solid masses, and in the case of paravertebral location, the differential diagnosis algorithm should include the hypothesis of ganglioneuroma. In our case, the MRI features could have oriented towards a neurogenic nature, however, the predominantly cystic-fluid aspect and the considerable longitudinal non-invasive extension between retroperitoneal structures, misled us to a lymphatic malformation. In the literature, it is reported that the cystic presentation can be due to a degeneration of a well-known solid form while maintaining a benign character: the distinguishing malignity character is the revelation of immature cells on histological examination.

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Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare manifestation of primary mucinous neoplasms. We report two rare cases of PMP originating from mucinous primary ovarian neoplasms. The case series discusses the cases of female patients aged 86 and 52 years who presented with worsening dyspepsia, abdominal distension, pelvic pain, and altered bowel habits. Both of the patients underwent evaluation comprising cancer antigen-125 (CA-125) levels, ultrasound (US) examination of the abdomen and the pelvis, tumor markers, cytological evaluation, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the pelvis and abdomen. Patients were diagnosed to have pseudomyxoma peritonei arising from mucinous ovarian tumors. Patients were referred to the surgical department and were successfully managed with repeated removal of mucinous material. The present case report highlights the significant radio-pathologic characteristics of PMP, which originated from mucinous ovarian tumors.

BACKGROUND: Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) is extremely rare and easily misdiagnosed before surgery.
METHODS: We report the treatment of an asymptomatic case of LAMN diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical findings. A 70-year-old woman presented with an adnexal mass found by physical examination in July 2020. Gynecologic ultrasonography revealed a cystic mass in the right adnexa, and computed tomography showed a cystic mass in the pelvic cavity. All tumor markers were normal. A further MRI examination suggested mucinous neoplasm in the right pelvic cavity, excluding the possibility of adnexal cyst. Laparoscopic exploration found a huge cystic mass of about 10 cm × 7 cm that originated from the apex of the appendix, with spontaneous rupture. LAMN was confirmed by pathological examination. As of May 2021, no disease recurrence occurred after an open appendectomy.
CONCLUSIONS: This case indicates that we should pay more attention to female patients who are clinically diagnosed with an adnexal mass at admission,. The physical examination should be done carefully, and the laboratory and imaging examination results should be comprehensively analyzed to avoid misdiagnosis and to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment, and to improve prognosis. MRI may be a better option for the diagnosis of appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.

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UNASSIGNED: Myxoma is a benign tumor and is mesenchymal in origin. Myxomas of the retroperitoneum are extremely rare entities.
METHODS: We here report a case of a 67-year-old male who presented with progressive abdominal distention for 3 years. Laboratory investigations revealed a reduction in erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, and an elevation in carbohydrate antigen 19-9. Imaging findings showed a multilocular cystic mass in the right abdomen with thin septa and internal calcifications. Laparotomy revealed that the mass had arisen from the retroperitoneum and the histological study suggested the diagnosis of myxoma.
CONCLUSIONS: Myxoma features as a \"cystic mass\" in imaging studies. Therefore, the possibility of a cystic lymphangioma, cystic mesothelioma and myxoma should be considered when a multicystic lesion in the retroperitoneal space is observed. Due to the rarity of retroperitoneal myxomas and lack of specific manifestations and diagnostic methods, preoperative diagnosis is often delayed or incorrect. And until now, only a few cases of retroperitoneal myxoma have been reported.
CONCLUSIONS: The report will increase the understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal myxomas. A brief review of the related literature was also carried out.

Third branchial cleft cyst is a rare congenital disease of the neck. It presents as a painless mass that develops rapidly in the neck following an infection. This is the first case report of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy caused by a third branchial cleft cyst. A 30-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of hoarseness as her only symptom; she had no pain, fever, dysphagia, dyspnoea, or palpable neck mass. Laryngoscopy revealed that her right vocal cord was paralyzed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic mass in the right tracheoesophageal groove that was closely associated with the trachea. Intraoperatively, the cyst was found not to originate from the thyroid or trachea, but it was compressing the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The hoarseness resolved the day after the cyst was removed.

UNASSIGNED: Ventricular cystic masses are uncommon. Elucidating the cause is essential for early directed therapy and prevention of complications. We present two cases of ventricular cystic masses, one in each ventricle, after myocardial infarction (MI) and ventricular septal rupture (VSR), respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Patient 1 is a 58-year-old male with left brachio-facial stroke and evolved anterior MI. A left ventricular (LV) cystic thrombus was seen on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. He was started on anticoagulation with reduction in thrombus size 11 days later. Patient 2 is a 67-year-old male with evolved anterior MI, severe LV systolic dysfunction, and normal right ventricular (RV) function. He was readmitted two weeks later with fever, heart failure, Streptococcus agalactiae bacteraemia, and septic pulmonary emboli. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed biventricular systolic dysfunction and a RV cystic mass associated with a partial VSR. He was treated with anticoagulation and antibiotics. Repeat TTE 5 weeks later revealed near resolution of the cystic mass and complete VSR. Cardiac magnetic resonance confirmed these findings and also showed a localized mid-septal transmural infarction at the VSR site. He underwent percutaneous coronary intervention to the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, and percutaneous VSR closure with a muscular ventricular septal defect device later.
UNASSIGNED: Our two cases demonstrate that ventricular thrombi can present as cystic masses after MI and VSRs. Infectious, vascular, or oncogenic causes should be considered in the appropriate clinical context. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent embolic complications, and secondary infection.