ARISE (Aneurysm/AVM/cSDH Roundtable Discussion With Industry and Stroke Experts) organized a one-and-a-half day meeting and workshop and brought together representatives from academia, industry, and government to discuss the most promising approaches to improve outcomes for patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). The emerging role of middle meningeal artery embolization in clinical practice and the design of current and potential future trials were the primary focuses of discussion. Existing evidence for imaging, indications, agents, and techniques was reviewed, and areas of priority for study and key questions surrounding the development of new and existing treatments for cSDH were identified. Multiple randomized, controlled trials have met their primary efficacy end points, providing high-level evidence that middle meningeal artery embolization is a potent adjunctive therapy to the standard (surgical and nonsurgical) management of neurologically stable cSDH patients in terms of reducing rates of disease recurrence. Pooled data analyses following the formal conclusion and publication of these trials will form a robust foundation upon which guidelines can be strengthened for cSDH treatment modalities and optimal patient selection, as well as delineate future lines of investigation.

In the absence of an indwelling arterial catheter, capillary blood gas sampling may be used to evaluate the acid/base and ventilation status of neonatal and pediatric patients with cardiorespiratory conditions. These guidelines were developed from a comprehensive review of the literature to provide guidance for the collection, handling, and interpretation of blood obtained from an arterialized capillary sample. Capillary and venous blood gas measurements are a useful alternative to arterial blood gas measurements for neonatal and pediatric patients who do not require close monitoring of [Formula: see text] In the presence of alterations in body temperature, blood pressure, or peripheral perfusion, agreement between a capillary blood gas with an arterial sample is recommended to determine whether changes in these physiologic conditions reduce reliability. Perfusion to the sample site should be assessed and preference given to blood sampling from a well perfused site, and blood should be analyzed within 15 min of sampling to minimize the propensity for pre-analytical errors. Clinicians should consider re-collecting a blood sample, obtained from an artery, vein, or capillary, when the blood gas or analyte result interpretation does not align with the patient\'s clinical presentation. A pneumatic tube system can be reliably used to transport blood gas samples collected in a syringe and capillary tube to a clinical laboratory for analysis. To reduce the cumulative pain effect and risk of complications, the capillary puncture procedure should be minimized when possible. Non-pharmacologic interventions should be used to reduce pain associated with capillary blood gas sampling. Automatic lancets are preferred to puncture the skin for capillary blood gas collection.

OBJECTIVE: Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is the current gold standard for detection and quantification of capillary abnormalities in Raynaud\'s phenomenon (RP). The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of dermatoscopy as a further screening tool in RP.
METHODS: Nailfold capillaries of RP patients were examined by a hand-held non-contact polarised dermatoscope connected to the digital camera (D1) and connected to an iPad (D2). Both dermatoscopic images were marked with an arrowhead. NVC examination was evaluated at the arrowhead. Single blinded reader performed all examinations. NVC was graded as per standard of European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) study group on microcirculation in rheumatic diseases. Consensus evaluation of dermatoscopy characteristics/grade was determined and each dermatoscopic image was given a final impression of \'normal\', \'non-specific\' or \'scleroderma\' pattern. The final interpretation by both techniques was compared after completion of the blinded reading.
RESULTS: Classification of 100 consecutive dermatoscopic images resulted in 37 (wide view) \'non-interpretable\', 2 \'normal\', 48 \'non-specific\' and 13 \'scleroderma\' pattern with D1; 23 \'non-interpretable\', 4 \'normal\', 52 \'non-specific\' and 21 \'scleroderma\' pattern by the experts with D2; 0 non-interpretable, 4 normal, 13 non-specific and 83 \'scleroderma\' pattern with NVC.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 50% of dermatoscopic images were classified as non-specific and 30% were classified as non-interpretable in RP patients. However, all images classified by dermatoscopy as \"normal\" or as overt \"scleroderma\" pattern were confirmed by concomitant NVC analysis. These findings demonstrate tenuous promise for dermatoscopy as a tool for the initial screening of nailfold capillaries in RP. Further regular work up with NVC is needed to further clarify non-interpretable and non-specific findings possibly related to non-scleroderma patterns.

Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a reproducible, simple, low-cost, and safe imaging technique used for morphological analysis of nail bed capillaries. It is considered to be extremely useful for the investigation of Raynaud\'s phenomenon and for the early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The capillaroscopic pattern typically associated with SSc, scleroderma (\"SD\") pattern, is characterized by dilated capillaries, microhemorrhages, avascular areas and/or capillary loss, and distortion of the capillary architecture. The aim of these recommendations is to provide orientation regarding the relevance of NFC, and to establish a consensus on the indications, nomenclature, the interpretation of NFC findings and the technical equipments that should be used. These recommendations were formulated based on a systematic literature review of studies included in the database MEDLINE (PubMed) without any time restriction.

OBJECTIVE: Healthy microcirculation is important to maintain the health of tissues and organs, most notably the heart, kidney and retina. Single components of the diet such as salt, lipids and polyphenols may influence microcirculation, but the effects of dietary patterns that are consistent with current dietary guidelines are uncertain. It was hypothesized that compliance to UK dietary guidelines would have a favourable effect on skin capillary density/recruitment compared with a traditional British diet (control diet).
METHODS: A 12-week randomized controlled trial in men and women aged 40-70 years was used to test whether skin microcirculation, measured by skin video-capillaroscopy on the dorsum of the finger, influenced functional capillary density (number of capillaries perfused under basal conditions), structural capillary density (number of anatomical capillaries perfused during finger cuff inflation) and capillary recruitment (percentage difference between structural and functional capillary density).
RESULTS: Microvascular measures were available for 137 subjects out of the 165 participants randomized to treatment. There was evidence of compliance to the dietary intervention, and participants randomized to follow dietary guidelines showed significant falls in resting supine systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure of 3.5, 2.6 and 2.9 mmHg compared to the control diet. There was no evidence of differences in capillary density, but capillary recruitment was 3.5 % (95 % CI 0.2, 6.9) greater (P = 0.04) on dietary guidelines compared with control.
CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to dietary guidelines may help maintain a healthy microcirculation in middle-aged men and women. This study is registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN92382106.

In recent years, many advances have been made in our understanding of vasculitis etiopathology as well as of different disease courses. The revised Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) 2012 nomenclature reflects current knowledge about etiopathology, in addition to the descriptive principles of vessel size and type of inflammation. Anti-neutrophil cyptoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides have been classified as a separate group, as opposed to immune complex small vessel vasculitis. In cases where consensus was achieved, eponyms have been replaced by systematic names, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener\'s) or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Moreover, clinically important but less well-known types of vasculitis have now been included in the CHCC nomenclature. This article presents the changes, focussing on those types that are relevant to the histopathologist, and summarizes the results of important new articles on morphology and clinical picture of vasculitis.

The multidisciplinary guideline \'Diagnostics of small-vessel vasculitis\' gives recommendations for the diagnostics of small-vessel vasculitis, which is often associated with cutaneous manifestations. The aim of this guideline is to accelerate the diagnostic process to prevent or reduce irreversible organ damage. The clinical presentation of small-vessel vasculitis is variable and often atypical. The most common general symptoms are general malaise, unexplained fever, weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, and night sweats. If these symptoms are accompanied by one or more organ-specific symptoms, the probability of the diagnosis \'small-vessel vasculitis\' is increased. When small-vessel vasculitis is suspected a comprehensive history should be taken and a physical examination focused on internal organs, joints, skin and nervous system should be performed. With additional laboratory investigations possible organ involvement can be demonstrated and the small-vessel vasculitis can be further classified. To make a definite diagnosis histological examination of an affected organ is necessary. Because of the possible involvement of multiple organ systems, multidisciplinary collaboration is essential in the diagnostic work-up.

OBJECTIVE: To devise and test a system with which to evaluate abnormalities on muscle biopsy samples obtained from children diagnosed with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM).
METHODS: We established an International Consensus Group on Juvenile DM Biopsy and carried out 2 phases of consensus process and scoring workshops. Biopsy sections (n = 33) were stained by standard methods. The scoring tool was based on 4 domains of change: inflammatory, vascular, muscle fiber, and connective tissue. Using a Latin square design, biopsy samples were scored by 11 experts for items in each domain, and for a global abnormality measure using a 10-cm visual analog score (VAS 0-10). The tool\'s reliability was assessed using an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and scorer agreement (alpha) by determining variation in scorers\' ratings.
RESULTS: There was good agreement in many items of the tool, and several items refined between the meetings improved in reliability and/or agreement. The inflammatory and muscle fiber domains had the highest reliability and agreement. The overall VAS score for abnormality had high agreement and reliability, reaching an ICC of 0.863 at the second consensus meeting.
CONCLUSIONS: We propose a provisional scoring system to measure abnormalities on muscle biopsy samples obtained from children with juvenile DM. This system needs to be validated, and then could be used in prospective studies to test which features of muscle pathology are prognostic of disease course or outcome. We suggest that the process we used could be a template for developing similar systems in other forms of myositis.

OBJECTIVE: To review the normal physiology of the blood capillary-interstitial-lymphatic vessel interface, describe the pathophysiology of lymphedema secondary to treatment for breast cancer, and summarize the physiologic bases of the current National Lymphedema Network (NLN) risk reduction guidelines.
METHODS: Journal articles, anatomy and physiology textbooks, published research data, and Web sites.
RESULTS: Lymphedema occurring after treatment for breast cancer significantly affects physical, psychological, and sexual functioning. About 28% of breast cancer survivors develop lymphedema. When arterial capillary filtration exceeds lymphatic transport capacity, lymphedema occurs. NLN risk reduction guidelines may decrease lymphedema risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Lymphedema is chronic and disfiguring. Most NLN risk reduction guidelines, although not evidence-based, are based on sound physiologic principles. Evidence-based research of the effectiveness of NLN risk reduction guidelines is indicated.
CONCLUSIONS: Until evidence-based research contradicts NLN\'s risk reduction guidelines, nurses should inform patients with breast cancer about their risk for lymphedema, guidelines to reduce that risk, and the physiologic rationale for the guidelines.

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