UNASSIGNED: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging technology that holds high promise in a wide range of clinical applications, but standardized methods for system testing are lacking, impeding objective device performance evaluation, calibration, and inter-device comparisons. To address this shortfall, this tutorial offers readers structured guidance in developing tissue-mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic applications with potential extensions to certain acoustic and optical imaging applications.
UNASSIGNED: The tutorial review aims to summarize recommendations on phantom development for PAI applications to harmonize efforts in standardization and system calibration in the field.
UNASSIGNED: The International Photoacoustic Standardization Consortium has conducted a consensus exercise to define recommendations for the development of tissue-mimicking phantoms in PAI.
UNASSIGNED: Recommendations on phantom development are summarized in seven defined steps, expanding from (1) general understanding of the imaging modality, definition of (2) relevant terminology and parameters and (3) phantom purposes, recommendation of (4) basic material properties, (5) material characterization methods, and (6) phantom design to (7) reproducibility efforts.
UNASSIGNED: The tutorial offers a comprehensive framework for the development of tissue-mimicking phantoms in PAI to streamline efforts in system testing and push forward the advancement and translation of the technology.

A portable ultra-wideband microwave system (MiS) coupled with an antipodal slot Vivaldi patch antenna (VPA) was used as an objective measurement technology to predict sheep meat carcase GR tissue depth, tested against AUS-MEAT national accreditation standards. Experiment one developed the MiS GR tissue depth prediction equation using lamb carcasses (n = 832) from two slaughter groups. To create the prediction equations, a two layered machine learning stacking ensemble technique was used. The performance of this equation was tested within the dataset using a k-fold cross validation (k = 5), which demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy with an average R2 of 0.91, RMSEP 2.11, bias 0.39 and slope 0.03. Experiment two tested the prediction equation against the AUS-MEAT GR tissue depth accreditation framework which stipulates predictions from a device must assign the correct fat score, with a tolerance of ±2 mm of the score boundary, and 90% accuracy. For a device to be accredited three measurements captured within the same device, as well as measurements across three different devices, must meet the AUS-MEAT error thresholds. Three MiS devices scanned lamb carcases (n = 312) across three slaughter days. All three MiS devices met the AUS-MEAT accreditation thresholds, accurately predicting GR tissue depth 96.1-98.4% of the time. Between the different devices, the measurement accuracy was 99.4-100%, and within the same device, the measurement accuracy was 99.7-100%. Based on these results MiS achieved AUS-MEAT device accreditation as an objective technology to predict GR tissue depth.

BACKGROUND: Brain-computer interfaces can enable communication for people with paralysis by transforming cortical activity associated with attempted speech into text on a computer screen. Communication with brain-computer interfaces has been restricted by extensive training requirements and limited accuracy.
METHODS: A 45-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with tetraparesis and severe dysarthria underwent surgical implantation of four microelectrode arrays into his left ventral precentral gyrus 5 years after the onset of the illness; these arrays recorded neural activity from 256 intracortical electrodes. We report the results of decoding his cortical neural activity as he attempted to speak in both prompted and unstructured conversational contexts. Decoded words were displayed on a screen and then vocalized with the use of text-to-speech software designed to sound like his pre-ALS voice.
RESULTS: On the first day of use (25 days after surgery), the neuroprosthesis achieved 99.6% accuracy with a 50-word vocabulary. Calibration of the neuroprosthesis required 30 minutes of cortical recordings while the participant attempted to speak, followed by subsequent processing. On the second day, after 1.4 additional hours of system training, the neuroprosthesis achieved 90.2% accuracy using a 125,000-word vocabulary. With further training data, the neuroprosthesis sustained 97.5% accuracy over a period of 8.4 months after surgical implantation, and the participant used it to communicate in self-paced conversations at a rate of approximately 32 words per minute for more than 248 cumulative hours.
CONCLUSIONS: In a person with ALS and severe dysarthria, an intracortical speech neuroprosthesis reached a level of performance suitable to restore conversational communication after brief training. (Funded by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs and others; BrainGate2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00912041.).

UNASSIGNED: Questions about the accuracy of pulse oximeters in measuring arterial oxygen saturation ( SpO 2 ) in individuals with darker skin pigmentation have resurfaced since the COVID-19 pandemic. This requires investigation to improve patient safety, clinical decision making, and research.
UNASSIGNED: We aim to use computational modeling to identify the potential causes of inaccuracy in SpO 2 measurement in individuals with dark skin and suggest practical solutions to minimize bias.
UNASSIGNED: An in silico model of the human finger was developed to explore how changing melanin concentration and arterial oxygen saturation ( SaO 2 ) affect pulse oximeter calibration algorithms using the Monte Carlo (MC) technique. The model generates calibration curves for Fitzpatrick skin types I, IV, and VI and an SaO 2 range between 70% and 100% in transmittance mode. SpO 2 was derived by inputting the computed ratio of ratios for light and dark skin into a widely used calibration algorithm equation to calculate bias ( SpO 2 - SaO 2 ). These were validated against an experimental study to suggest the validity of the Monte Carlo model. Further work included applying different multiplication factors to adjust the moderate and dark skin calibration curves relative to light skin.
UNASSIGNED: Moderate and dark skin calibration curve equations were different from light skin, suggesting that a single algorithm may not be suitable for all skin types due to the varying behavior of light in different epidermal melanin concentrations, especially at 660 nm. The ratio between the mean bias in White and Black subjects in the cohort study was 6.6 and 5.47 for light and dark skin, respectively, from the Monte Carlo model. A linear multiplication factor of 1.23 and exponential factor of 1.8 were applied to moderate and dark skin calibration curves, resulting in similar alignment.
UNASSIGNED: This study underpins the careful re-assessment of pulse oximeter designs to minimize bias in SpO 2 measurements across diverse populations.

Mitotane (o,p\'-DDD) is the drug of choice for Adrenocortical Carcinomas (ACC) and its measurement in plasma is essential to control drug administration.
To develop and validate a simple, reliable and straightforward method for mitotane determination in plasma samples.
Drug-free plasma samples were collected in potassium-ethylenediamine tetraacetate (K-EDTA) tubes and spiked with 1.0, 2.5, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 µg/mL of mitotane (DDD). The p,p\'-DDD was used as an Internal Standard (IS) and was added at 25.0 µg/mL concentration to all samples, standards and controls. Samples were submitted to protein precipitation with acetonitrile and then centrifuged. 50 uL of the supernatant was injected into an HPLC system coupled to a Diode Array Detector (DAD). DDD and IS were detected at 230 nm in a 12 min isocratic mode with a solvent mixture of 60 % acetonitrile and 40 % formic acid in water with 0.1 % pump mixed, at 0.6 mL/min flow rate, in a reversed-phase (C18) chromatographic column kept at 28°C. The sensitivity, selectivity, precision, presence of carry-over, recovery and matrix-effect, linearity, and method accuracy were evaluated.
The present study\'s method resulted in a symmetrical peak shape and good baseline resolution for DDD (mitotane) and 4,4\'-DDD (internal standard) with retention times of 6.0 min, 6.4 mim, respectively, with resolutions higher than 1.0. Endogenous plasma compounds did not interfere with the evaluated peaks when blank plasma and spiked plasma with standards were compared. Linearity was assessed over the range of 1.00-50.00 µg/mL for mitotane (R2 > 0.9987 and a 97.80 %‒105.50 % of extraction efficiency). Analytical sensitivity was 0.98 µg/mL. Functional sensitivity (LOQ) was 1.00 µg/L, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variations were less than 9.98 %, and carry-over was not observed for this method. Recovery ranged from 98.00 % to 117.00 %, linearity ranged from 95.00 % to 119.00 %, and high accuracy of 89.40 % to 105.90 % with no matrix effects or interference was observed for mitotane measurements. Patients\' sample results were compared with previous measurements by the GC-MS method with a high correlation (r = 0.88 and bias = -10.20 %).
DDD determination in plasma samples by the developed and validated method is simple, robust, efficient, and sensitive for therapeutic drug monitoring and dose management to achieve a therapeutic index of mitotane in patients with adrenocortical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves glycaemic outcomes in the outpatient setting; however, there are limited data regarding CGM accuracy in hospital.
METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational study comparing CGM data from blinded Dexcom G6 Pro sensors with reference point of care and laboratory glucose measurements during participants\' hospitalisations. Key accuracy metrics included the proportion of CGM values within ±20% of reference glucose values >5.6 mmol/l or within ±1.1 mmol/l of reference glucose values ≤5.6 mmol/l (%20/20), the mean and median absolute relative difference between CGM and reference value (MARD and median ARD, respectively) and Clarke error grid analysis (CEGA). A retrospective calibration scheme was used to determine whether calibration improved sensor accuracy. Multivariable regression models and subgroup analyses were used to determine the impact of clinical characteristics on accuracy assessments.
RESULTS: A total of 326 adults hospitalised on 19 medical or surgical non-intensive care hospital floors were enrolled, providing 6648 matched glucose pairs. The %20/20 was 59.5%, the MARD was 19.2% and the median ARD was 16.8%. CEGA showed that 98.2% of values were in zone A (clinically accurate) and zone B (benign). Subgroups with lower accuracy metrics included those with severe anaemia, renal dysfunction and oedema. Application of a once-daily morning calibration schedule improved accuracy (MARD 11.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: The CGM accuracy when used in hospital may be lower than that reported in the outpatient setting, but this may be improved with appropriate patient selection and daily calibration. Further research is needed to understand the role of CGM in inpatient settings.

The rapid development of active safety systems in the automotive industry and research in autonomous driving requires reliable, high-precision sensors that provide rich information about the surrounding environment and the behaviour of other road users. In practice, there is always some non-zero mounting misalignment, i.e., angular inaccuracy in a sensor\'s mounting on a vehicle. It is essential to accurately estimate and compensate for this misalignment further programmatically (in software). In the case of radars, imprecise mounting may result in incorrect/inaccurate target information, problems with the tracking algorithm, or a decrease in the power reflected from the target. Sensor misalignment should be mitigated in two ways: through the correction of an inaccurate alignment angle via the estimated value of the misalignment angle or alerting other components of the system of potential sensor degradation if the misalignment is beyond the operational range. This work analyses misalignment\'s influences on radar sensors and other system components. In the mathematically proven example of a vertically misaligned radar, pedestrian detectability dropped to one-third of the maximum range. In addition, mathematically derived heading estimation errors demonstrate the impact on data association in data fusion. The simulation results presented show that the angle of misalignment exponentially increases the risk of false track splitting. Additionally, the paper presents a comprehensive review of radar alignment techniques, mostly found in the patent literature, and implements a baseline algorithm, along with suggested key performance indicators (KPIs) to facilitate comparisons for other researchers.

The interest in using new technologies to obtain recordings of on-water kinetic variables for assessing the performance of elite sprint kayakers has increased over the last decades but systematic approaches are warranted to ensure the validity and reliability of these measures. This study has an innovative approach, and the aim was to develop a new versatile jig including reference force sensors for both the calibration and validation of mutual static and dynamic stroke forces as measured with instrumented paddles at the high force levels used in elite sprint kayaking.
METHODS: A jig was constructed using a modified gym weight stack and a frame consisting of aluminum profiles permitting a fastening of custom-made kayak paddle shaft and blade support devices with certified force transducers combined with a data acquisition system to record blade and hand forces during static (constant load) and dynamic conditions (by paddle stroke simulation). A linear motion path incorporating a ball-bearing equipped carriage with sensors for the measurement of vertical distance and horizontal displacement was attached to the frame for recordings of various position measures on the paddle. The jig design with all components is extensively described to permit replication. The procedures for assessing the accuracy of the jig force instrumentation are reported, and with one brand of instrumented paddle used as an example, methods are described for force calibration and validation during static and dynamic conditions.
RESULTS: The results illustrate that the measured force with the jig instrumentation was similar to the applied force, calculated from the applied accurate mass (within a -1.4 to 1.8% difference) and similar to the force as calculated from the applied mass with the weight stack (within a -0.57 to 1.16% difference). The jig was suitable for the calibration and validation of forces in a range relevant for elite sprint kayaking under both static and dynamic conditions. During static conditions with a force direction equal to the calibration conditions and a force range from 98 to 590 N, all values for the instrumented paddle were within a -3.4 to 3.0% difference from the jig sensor values and 28 of 36 values were within ±2%. During dynamic conditions with paddle stroke simulations at 60 and 100 strokes/min and a target peak force of 400 N, the common force variables as measured by the instrumented paddle were not significantly different from the same measures by the jig (values at 100 strokes/min: peak force; 406.9 ± 18.4 vs. 401.9 ± 17.2 N, mean force; 212.8 ± 15.4 vs. 212.0 ± 14.4 N, time to peak force; 0.17 ± 0.02 vs. 0.18 ± 0.02 s, force impulse; 90.8 ± 11.2 vs. 90.5 ± 10.8 Ns, impulse duration; 0.43 ± 0.03 vs. 0.43 ± 0.03 s).
CONCLUSIONS: A novel jig with several new functions is presented that enables the calibration and validation of force measurements with instrumented paddles by providing standardized conditions for calibration and force validation during both static and dynamic conditions in a force range relevant to elite sprint kayaking.

Chlorophyll fluorescence is a well-established method to estimate chlorophyll content in leaves. A popular fluorescence-based meter, the Opti-Sciences CCM-300 Chlorophyll Content Meter (CCM-300), utilizes the fluorescence ratio F735/F700 and equations derived from experiments using broadleaf species to provide a direct, rapid estimate of chlorophyll content used for many applications. We sought to quantify the performance of the CCM-300 relative to more intensive methods, both across plant functional types and years of use. We linked CCM-300 measurements of broadleaf, conifer, and graminoid samples in 2018 and 2019 to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and/or spectrophotometric (Spec) analysis of the same leaves. We observed a significant difference between the CCM-300 and HPLC/Spec, but not between HPLC and Spec. In comparison to HPLC, the CCM-300 performed better for broadleaves (r = 0.55, RMSE = 154.76) than conifers (r = 0.52, RMSE = 171.16) and graminoids (r = 0.32, RMSE = 127.12). We observed a slight deterioration in meter performance between years, potentially due to meter calibration. Our results show that the CCM-300 is reliable to demonstrate coarse variations in chlorophyll but may be limited for cross-plant functional type studies and comparisons across years.

Traditionally, for indoor radon testing, predominantly passive measurements have been used, typically applying the solid-state alpha track-etch method for long-term and the charcoal method for short-term measurements. However, increasingly, affordable consumer-grade active monitors have become available in the last few years, which can generate a concentration time series of an almost arbitrary duration. Firstly, we argue that consumer-grade monitors can well be used for quality-assured indoor radon assessment and consequent reliable decisions. Secondly, we discuss the requirements of quality assurance, which actually allow for reliable decision-making. In particular, as part of a rational strategy, we discuss how to interpret measurement results from low-cost active monitors with high and low sensitivity with respect to deciding on conformity with reference levels that are the annual average concentration of indoor radon. Rigorous analysis shows that temporal variations in radon are a major component of the uncertainty in decision-making, the reliability of which is practically independent of monitor sensitivity. Manufacturers of low-cost radon monitors already provide sufficient reliability and quality of calibration for their devices, which can be used by both professional inspectors and the general public. Therefore, within the suggested measurement strategy and metrologically assured criteria, we only propose to clarify the set and values of the key metrological characteristics of radon monitors as well as to upgrade user-friendly online tools. By implementing clear metrological requirements as well as the rational measurement strategy for the reliable conformity assessment of a room (building) with radon safety requirements, we anticipate significant reductions in testing costs, increased accessibility, and enhanced quality assurance and control (QA/QC) in indoor radon measurements.