■根据与所用技术相关的所有抗微生物剂的最低抑制浓度(MIC),提供兽医学中艰难梭菌抗微生物耐药性(AMR)数据的全面表征。
根据范围审查的系统评价和荟萃分析首选报告项目(PRISMA)扩展范围审查(PRISMA-ScR)及其相关清单进行系统范围审查。目的是以总结和分析的格式提供证据的综合。为此,咨询了三个科学数据库:Scopus,PubMed,和WebofScience,直到2021年12月。随后,所有确定的文献都按照既定的研究标准进行筛选和分类,以后续评估为目标。
■对各种动物和相关来源的兽药中艰难梭菌抗菌素耐药性(AMR)的研究进行了全面分析。分析包括使用E测试提供抗菌药物敏感性试验数据的研究,琼脂稀释,或肉汤微量稀释技术。提取的数据包括最小抑制浓度(MIC)值和综合表征分析。
■在科学数据库中确定了总共1582项研究,其中只有80人接受了分析。兽医学中关于艰难梭菌抗菌素耐药性(AMR)的研究在欧洲和北美最为丰富。大多数分离株来自生产动物(55%)和宠物(15%),猪,马,牛是最常被研究的物种。所测试的药物的最低抑制浓度(MIC)和由此产生的推定的抗微生物耐药性在动物物种和分离来源之间表现出相当大的多样性。此外,已经在动物菌株的基因和基因组水平上进行了AMR表征。E-test是最常用的抗微生物药敏试验(AST)方法。此外,发现解释中等收入国家的断点高度异质,并且无论出版物的地理来源如何,都经常观察到。
■发现抗菌素敏感性测试技术和结果是多种多样的。没有证据表明在任何动物物种中具有唯一的抗微生物耐药性模式。尽管多年来收集了表型和基因组数据,需要进一步的跨学科研究。我们的发现强调了国际合作以建立艰难梭菌抗菌药物敏感性测试(AST)方法和报告的统一标准的必要性。这种合作将促进“一个健康”的监测和控制方法,这是至关重要的。
UNASSIGNED: To provide a comprehensive characterization of Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data in veterinary medicine based on the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all antimicrobial agents tested in relation to the techniques used.
UNASSIGNED: A systematic scoping
review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and its associated checklist. The objective was to provide a synthesis of the evidence in a summarized and analyzed format.To this end, three scientific databases were consulted: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, up until December 2021. Subsequently, all identified literature was subjected to screening and classification in accordance with the established study criteria, with the objective of subsequent evaluation.
UNASSIGNED: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on studies regarding Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine across various animal species and related sources. The analysis included studies that presented data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the E-test, agar dilution, or broth microdilution techniques. The extracted data included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and a comprehensive characterization analysis.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 1582 studies were identified in scientific databases, of which only 80 were subjected to analysis. The research on Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine is most prolific in Europe and North America. The majority of isolates originate from production animals (55%) and pets (15%), with pigs, horses, and cattle being the most commonly studied species. The tested agents\' minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and resulting putative antimicrobial resistance profiles exhibited considerable diversity across animal species and sources of isolation. Additionally, AMR characterization has been conducted at the gene and genomic level in animal strains. The E-test was the most frequently utilized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Furthermore, the breakpoints for interpreting the MICs were found to be highly heterogeneous and frequently observed regardless of the geographical origin of the publication.
UNASSIGNED: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing techniques and results were found to be diverse and heterogeneous. There is no evidence of an exclusive antimicrobial resistance pattern in any animal species. Despite the phenotypic and genomic data collected over the years, further interdisciplinary studies are necessary. Our findings underscore the necessity for international collaboration to establish uniform standards for C. difficile antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods and reporting. Such collaboration would facilitate a \"One Health\" approach to surveillance and control, which is of paramount importance.