在这次调查中,哥斯达黎加地表水中存在抗生素和药物,特别是在猫科动物栖息地附近的地区,被检查过。研究表明,47%的水样含有至少一种抗生素的可检测痕迹。环丙沙星和诺氟沙星是最常见的化合物,各检出率为27%。其他抗生素,如红霉素,罗红霉素,和甲氧苄啶,也被发现,但在较低的频率,14%左右。值得注意的是,所有抗生素浓度保持在10ng/L以下,环丙沙星,诺氟沙星,和红霉素显示最高浓度。此外,调查显示水样中存在非抗生素药物残留物,通常浓度低于64ng/L曲马多是最常见的化合物,存在于18%的样品中。观察到对乙酰氨基酚和曲马多的最高浓度,测量64和10ng/L,分别。将这些发现与在处理过的废水和城市河流中进行的研究进行比较,很明显,在这项研究中,抗生素和药物的浓度明显较低。虽然先前的研究报告了更高的值,在保护区进行的研究数量有限,这引起了人们对环境对生物多样性的潜在影响的担忧。总之,这些结果强调了在脆弱的生态系统中监测药物残留和抗微生物药物抗性基因ARGs的重要性,尤其是在哥斯达黎加的猫科动物栖息地附近。此外,该研究深入研究了ARGs的检测。所有测试的水样对至少一种ARG呈阳性,blaTEM基因最普遍,占82%,其次是tetS占64%,qnrB占23%。此外,这项研究揭示了评估环境样本中ARGs的复杂性,因为他们的存在并不一定表明他们的表达。它还强调了ARG共同选择和共同监管的潜力,展示了这些基因在水生环境中的复杂行为。
In this investigation, the presence of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals in Costa Rican surface waters, specifically in regions near feline habitats, was examined. The study revealed that 47% of the water samples contained detectable traces of at least one antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were the most frequently detected compounds, each with a detection rate of 27%. Other antibiotics, such as erythromycin, roxithromycin, and trimethoprim, were also found but at lower frequencies, around 14%. Notably, all antibiotic concentrations remained below 10 ng/L, with ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and erythromycin showing the highest concentrations. Furthermore, the investigation revealed the presence of non-antibiotic pharmaceutical residues in the water samples, typically at concentrations below 64 ng/L. Tramadol was the most frequently detected compound, present in 18% of the samples. The highest concentrations were observed for acetaminophen and tramadol, measuring 64 and 10 ng/L, respectively. Comparing these findings with studies conducted in treated wastewater and urban rivers, it became evident that the concentrations of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals were notably lower in this study. While previous research reported higher values, the limited number of studies conducted in protected areas raises concerns about the potential environmental impact on biodiversity. In summary, these results emphasize the importance of monitoring pharmaceutical residues and
antimicrobial resistance genes ARGs in vulnerable ecosystems, especially those in close proximity to feline habitats in Costa Rica. Additionally, the study delved into the detection of (ARGs). All tested water samples were positive for at least one ARG, with the blaTEM gene being the most prevalent at 82%, followed by tetS at 64% and qnrB at 23%. Moreover, this research shed light on the complexity of evaluating ARGs in environmental samples, as their presence does not necessarily indicate their expression. It also highlighted the potential for co-selection and co-regulation of ARGs, showcasing the intricate behaviors of these genes in aquatic environments.