Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital heart abnormality in which a membrane separates the left atrium (LA; sinister) or the right atrium (dexter) into two compartments. It is also a long-forgotten cause of atrial fibrillation (AF) and substantially higher rates of blood stagnation, particularly proximal to the additional septum in the LA. In this case report, we faced a CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1 in patients with non-valvular AF due to Cor triatriatum sinister (CTS). The decision to start anticoagulants in this particular case was controversial, so we reviewed the literature to assess and address it. We present our case and discuss the indication of anticoagulants in this unique clinical scenario, accompanied by a literature review. Facing this dilemma of starting anticoagulants in special cases of CTS and AF should be individualized and need more investigation. However, till this moment, based on similar reports, it seems to be rational to consider CTS Per se as an additional risk stratification marker beyond the CHA2DS2-VASc score start anticoagulant until the surgical resection. Considering CTS as the sole indication of anticoagulant in patients with normal sinus rhythm is a complex matter that needs further investigation.

BACKGROUND: The most frequent location of thrombosis development in acute mesenteric venous thrombosis is the superior mesenteric vein. It is an uncommon but potentially fatal condition. Patients with underlying medical conditions that interfere with the Virchow Triad hypercoagulability, stasis, and endothelial injury are more likely to experience it.
METHODS: A 37-year-old female reported to our emergency department with a 5-day history of severe abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and constipation, as well as two episodes of bleeding per rectum. The patient had a clean medical history, no HTN, no diabetes, no chronic medication, no history of contraceptive pill use or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use, no history of chronic disease or operation. Patient was directly transferred to the intensive care unit for additional evaluation and preoperative stabilization.
CONCLUSIONS: A patient with acute mesenteric venous thrombosis and possible intestinal damage is the case we\'ve presented. Upon presentation patient was unstable, we assessed her condition and transferred to the intensive care unit for stabilization and pre-operative preparation. She didn\'t respond to conservative management and we had to operate, we highly emphasize how crucial it is for early intervention in these type of conditions. Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis is a complicated case due to its nonspecific symptoms, it requires a multidisciplinary team approach between internal medicine and surgical team to plan for the most appropriate treatment strategy suitable for each patient as all options are associated with significant risks. Multiple options are available for the management of mesenteric venous thrombosis. In patients with peritoneal signs to suggestive bowel infarction or perforation or those who failed to progress with conservative management, operative intervention may be necessary. Other options include anticoagulation therapy, local or systemic thrombolysis, interventional or surgical thrombectomy.
CONCLUSIONS: Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis is a complex situation that calls for a multidisciplinary team approach between the surgical and internal medicine departments to determine the best course of action for each patient, as there are major risks involved with each alternative. If peritonism is present, it is preferable to assess and resuscitate as soon as possible and to proceed with surgery.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of pulmonary visceral subpleural hematoma during care of post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compressions and anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies is extremely rare. Also, there are few reports of treatment of visceral subpleural hematoma, most of which are treated by lung resection. Here we describe a rare case that pulmonary visceral subpleural hematoma arose during post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation care and was treated by hematoma evacuation.
METHODS: A 58-year-old male with no smoking history and, past medical histories of rheumatoid arthritis, chronic atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia developed ventricular fibrillation due to myocardial infarction and fainted. He received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation by the ambulance crew and had return of spontaneous circulation. After transfer to our hospital, the patient underwent percutaneous catheter intervention and stenting with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction, followed by anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies. On the 8th hospital day, chest radiography suggested right lower lobe pneumonia, and subsequent chest computed tomography revealed pulmonary hematoma in the visceral subpleural area from S6 to S10. Since no improvement was observed in hypoxemia, treatment was considered necessary. First, an attempt at computed tomography-guided drainage of hematoma was made, but insertion of the Pig-tail catheter was difficult due to hardness of the hematoma. Next, evacuation of hematoma was performed on the 13th hospital day. The hematoma was located in the visceral subpleural area and was removed by incising the pleura. TachoSil Tissue Sealing sheet and Polyglycoal acid sheet were applied to the sites of air leakage and oozing after hematoma evacuation. No re-bleeding or air leakage was observed after the treatment, and the patient was discharged on the 26th hospital day after an uneventful course.
CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary visceral subpleural hematoma may occur during post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation care, including chest compressions and anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies. In our case, CT-guided puncture and drainage was difficult and surgical treatment by incision of the visceral pleura and hematoma evacuation alone was done successfully.

Rivaroxaban, a specific factor Xa inhibitor and commonly utilized anticoagulant, has been known to cause hepatotoxicity and liver failure in humans. Although rivaroxaban is frequently used in veterinary medicine, hepatotoxicity has not been previously reported in dogs. The current case report describes a dog that developed severe hepatopathy following rivaroxaban administration for a large right pulmonary artery thrombus. An estimated 6-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog developed anorexia and lethargy 9 days after rivaroxaban administration began. Subsequent labwork revealed severe hepatocellular hepatopathy, and rivaroxaban was discontinued. Additional diagnostics did not reveal an underlying etiology, although hepatic cytology could be consistent with a toxic injury. The hepatopathy and clinical signs improved after rivaroxaban was discontinued. The time to onset, type of hepatopathy, and time to resolution were all similar to those reported for human cases. This case provides precedence to advocate for improved and closer monitoring of dogs receiving factor Xa inhibitors. In cases of suspected hepatotoxicity with no other identifiable cause, a risk-benefit analysis should be performed, and discontinuation of rivaroxaban administration or alternative anticoagulant medications should be considered.

We describe a rare and complex case of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (SCST) in a 70-year-old patient who initially presented with ocular symptoms that rapidly progressed to severe intracranial vascular complications, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants, the patient\'s condition deteriorated. SCST, often caused by sinus infections, presents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma, with mortality rates exceeding 20%. This report underscores the diversity of clinical presentations, ranging from mild headaches to severe cranial nerve deficits, that complicate diagnosis and treatment. The inability to detect any aneurysms in our patient using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) may indicate an alternative pathogenesis. This could involve venous hypertension and endothelial hyperpermeability. This case illustrates the need for personalized treatment approaches, as recommended by the European Federation of Neurological Societies, and the importance of a multidisciplinary perspective when managing such intricate neurological conditions. Our findings contribute to the understanding of SCST coexisting with SAH.

UNASSIGNED: Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is one of the major complications during the treatment course of cancer, which often challenges clinicians in daily clinical practice despite anticoagulation therapy.
UNASSIGNED: A 57-year-old man with a history of a liver transplantation was diagnosed with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. He developed severe systemic thromboses including a massive pulmonary embolism and was treated with anticoagulation therapy including a factor Xa inhibitor. However, the systemic thromboses worsened despite the anticoagulation therapy. During the acute treatment course of the thromboses, we administered anticancer drug therapy in hopes of an improvement in the activity of the cancer status leading to a favourable effect on the thrombosis status. Multi-disciplinary treatment including anticoagulation therapy and anticancer drug therapy successfully improved the systemic thrombosis.
UNASSIGNED: Anticoagulation therapy is a standard treatment for CAT; however, some cases of CAT do not successfully improve despite anticoagulation therapy, partly due to a highly active cancer status. Anticancer drug therapy might increase the risk of a thrombosis, whereas it could improve the activity of the cancer status leading to a decreased risk of a thrombosis. A multi-disciplinary therapy might be a reasonable option especially for CAT with a highly active cancer status.

Here, we describe a case of anaphylaxis secondary to rivaroxaban in a 61-year-old woman 24 hours after orthopedic surgery. 10-15 minutes after ingestion of rivaroxaban and nimesulide, the patient\'s palms started itching, her face and lips swelled, her face flushed, she developed shortness of breath and subsequently lost consciousness. Serum tryptase levels at the time of the anaphylactic reaction were elevated, with subsequent measurement one month later returning a value within the normal range. Dabigatran and meloxicam were identified as suitable alternative drugs by oral provocation at an allergy clinic. Even though rivaroxaban rarely causes serious allergic reactions, when prescribing it, it is important to analyze patients\' medical history for possible previously experienced drug-induced allergic reactions and to be aware of the risks of possible undesired drug interactions.

Data regarding the safety of co-administration of ibrutinib with anticoagulants in real-life settings are scarce. Using a nationwide database, we conducted a nested case-control study in a cohort of new users of ibrutinib to assess the risk of clinically relevant bleeding (CRB) associated with anticoagulation. Cases were patients with a diagnosis of CRB, defined as hospitalization with a diagnosis of bleeding. The date of CRB constituted the index date. Up to four controls were matched on sex, age at index date and duration of follow-up. The risk of CRB associated with anticoagulation in patients receiving ibrutinib was estimated using conditional logistic regression models, providing odds ratios (OR) adjusted for risk factors of bleeding. Among 614 cases and 2407 matched controls, the risk of CRB was significantly higher in patients receiving both ibrutinib and anticoagulants (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.54, confidence interval [CI] 95% [1.94; 3.32]). When considering anticoagulant class, aOR was 1.99 (CI 95% [1.19; 3.33]) for VKA, 2.48 (CI 95% [1.76; 3.47]) for direct oral anticoagulants and 3.40 (CI 95% [2.01; 5.75]) for parenteral anticoagulants. In conclusion, this study found a 2.5-fold increased risk of CRB in patients receiving both ibrutinib and anticoagulants in real-life settings, and similar aOR among oral anticoagulants.

Heparin is an anticoagulant which has been widely used in various clinical settings, from thromboprophylaxis to the treatment of thromboembolism. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a rare medical condition with severe complications if unrecognised, and it carries significant risks of co-morbidities and mortality. The incidence of HIT is relatively less common in low molecular weight heparin. HIT is more common in the venous system than the arterial circulatory system, and it is rare to see multi-vessel coronary artery thrombosis due to HIT. We hereby report a case of multi-vessel coronary thrombosis secondary to low molecular weight HIT, presenting as a case of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We learned from the case that low molecular weight heparin can cause thrombosis secondary to HIT and HIT could be one of the differential diagnoses in those presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarct and recent exposure to low molecular weight heparin.

Spontaneous hematoma of the iliopsoas is a rare pathological circumstance; in the majority of cases published in the literature, it is associated with disorders of hemostasis due to anticoagulant treatment or coagulopathies. We present a case of a 64-year-old man on acenocoumarol, an anticoagulant of the vitamin K antagonist family, for atrial fibrillation, who presented with a severe left hip and flank pain with a huge ecchymosis on the left flank and a partial inability to extend the left thigh. A CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of iliopsoas hematoma. Given the hemodynamic stability of the patient, he benefited from a conservative treatment with a favourable evolution. This case highlights the underlying conditions, diagnosis, and treatment of this uncommon complication.