The prevalence of meeting movement guidelines is low in developed countries; however, there is a lack of data among medium-income countries, including Brazil. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of meeting physical activity, screen time, and sleep guidelines in Brazilian adolescents. Employing a cross-sectional design, Brazilian adolescents (aged 12-17 years) were surveyed about their physical activity levels, sleep, and screen time. Data were collected at schools through a self-administered questionnaire using a personal digital assistant for entering the data. Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between correlates (sex, age, socioeconomic status, region, skin colour, and shift of school) and meeting movement guidelines. A total of 58 535 adolescents were included. Although only 8.7% of the adolescents met all three movement guidelines, the prevalence of those who met physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration guidelines was 46.4%, 42.5%, and 40%, respectively. Moreover, male sex, age 14-15 years, black or brown skin colour, afternoon shift of school, and living in the Northern and Northeastern regions were associated with a higher prevalence of meeting all movement guidelines. The prevalence of adolescents who met all three movement guidelines was low among Brazilian adolescents. Adolescents living in less developed regions showed greater adherence to movement guidelines, suggesting a possible impact of the urbanization process on these behaviours. Novelty: The prevalence of Brazilian adolescents who met all three movement behaviour guidelines was around 9%. Among all adolescents, 40% met only one movement guideline.

Daily life has changed for families due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this repeated cross-sectional study was to describe movement behaviours in Canadian children and youth 6 months into the pandemic (T2; October 2020) compared with the start of the pandemic (T1, April 2020). An online survey was distributed to parents (N = 1568) of children and/or youth (5-17 years; 58% girls) in October 2020. The survey assessed changes in movement behaviours (physical activity and play, sedentary behaviours, and sleep) from before the pandemic to October 2020 (T2). We compared these data with spring data (T1; April 2020; Moore et al. 2020; Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act, 17:85) collected using identical methodology (N = 1472; 54% girls). We report correlations between movement behaviours and relevant parental factors and provide word frequency distributions for open-ended responses. During the second wave, 4.5% of children (4.6% girls; 4.3% boys) and 1.9% of youth (1.3% girls, 2.4% boys) met the movement guidelines (3.1% overall). Whereas, during the first wave, 4.8% (2.8% girls, 6.5% boys) of children and 0.6% (0.8% girls, 0.5% boys) of youth were meeting combined guidelines (2.6% overall). Parental support was correlated with their child\'s movement behaviours (T1 and T2). Our study demonstrates the ongoing challenges for children and youth to engage in healthy movement during the pandemic. Novelty: Our large-scale national study demonstrates that children and youth were not meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines during the second wave of the pandemic. Our findings illustrate the need to protect children and youth from the collateral consequences of the pandemic.

This study determined if meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommendations are associated with all-cause mortality. Participants were 3471 adults from the 2005-2006 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey followed for mortality over 11 years. They were classified as meeting or not meeting recommendations for sleep duration, sedentary behaviour, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). A total of 63.8%, 35.3%, and 41.5% of participants met recommendations for sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity while 12.3% met all 3 recommendations. The hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in participants meeting the recommendations relative to those not meeting the recommendations were 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) for sleep, 0.92 (0.61, 1.40) for sedentary behaviour, and 0.42 (0.24, 0.74) for MVPA. The HR for meeting none, any 1, any 2, and all 3 recommendations were 1.00, 0.86 (0.65, 1.14), 0.49 (0.28, 0.86), and 0.72 (0.34, 1.50). When the cut-point used to denote acceptable sedentary time was changed from ≤8 to ≤10 hours/day, the HR for meeting none, any 1, any 2, and all 3 recommendations were 1.00, 0.83 (0.59, 1.15), 0.57 (0.34, 0.96), and 0.43 (0.20, 0.93). These findings provide some support of the ability of the 24-hour Movement Guidelines to predict mortality risk. Novelty: The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines provide recommendations for sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity. The findings of this study provide some support of the ability of these new guidelines to predict mortality risk.

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which preschool children in Hong Kong meet the World Health Organization\'s (WHO) 24-h movement guidelines and to examine the associations between meeting the guidelines and body weight status. Data from 251 preschoolers (141 boys) aged between 3 and 6 years were analysed. The children wore an activPAL for 7 consecutive days to measure physical activity and sleep. Their screen time was reported by their parents using validated questions. Their body weight status was classified as underweight, normal weight or overweight/obese. A total of 2.9% of the preschoolers met all 3 movement guidelines. Children in compliance with the physical activity, screen time and sleep guidelines accounted for 14.5%, 67.4%, and 39.0% of the sample, respectively. There was no significant association between meeting the individual or combined guidelines and body mass index or the odds ratio for being of normal weight. Meeting more guidelines was not associated with body mass index or the odds ratio for being normal weight. Compliance with the 24-h movement guidelines was extremely low among preschool children in Hong Kong. Meeting the 24-h movement guidelines was not associated with a favourable weight status among preschoolers. Novelty: Compliance with the WHO 24-h movement guidelines was extremely low for the early years in Hong Kong. Further evidence is needed to understand the associations between meeting the guidelines and weight status among preschoolers.

The purpose of this chapter is to examine, in postmenopausal women, the effect of physical activity (PA) on overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality and prevention of cardiovascular disease, bone health and body composition. An analysis of the scientific literature was carried out and more than 100 studies were selected. In postmenopausal women, regular endurance PA significantly reduced overall and cardiovascular mortality. It is effective in primary and tertiary prevention. Regarding bone health, combined exercises combining weight-bearing exercises with impacts associated with muscle strengthening are the most effective to maintain or improve bone mineral density and prevent fractures. In terms of body composition, regular endurance or combined PA (endurance+muscle strengthening) decreases visceral fat regardless of BMI, and this in the absence of caloric restriction. For muscle mass, only muscle strengthening or combined training (endurance+muscle strengthening) have shown their effectiveness in slowing down the loss of muscle mass or even in increasing it. In all cases, the minimum duration of PA is 12 weeks and above all, it must be continued so that the effects are maintained over the long term. All these parameters will also be improved with a reduction in time spent sitting, regardless of the level of PA. No study has reported a major incident related to the practice of moderate to high intensity levels of PA, provided that certain precautions are observed, the main one being with regard to cardiovascular risk. The recommendations for postmenopausal women are a reduction in sedentary behaviour associated with specific recommendations for regular physical activity.

Strategies for dissemination (purposive distribution of a guideline to specific audiences) and implementation (actions to support the general public in meeting guideline recommendations/behavioural benchmarks) of national movement guidelines (physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour, and sleep) have yet to be synthesized. The purpose of this systematic scoping review was to identify strategies for dissemination and implementation of national PA, sedentary behaviour, and/or sleep guidelines among community-dwelling adults (aged >18 years) and/or stakeholders in Canada and analogous countries. Five search approaches (e.g., published literature, grey literature, targeted web-based, custom Google, and content expert consultation) identified records (e.g., empirical studies, organizational reports, website pages, or guideline messages) that discussed and/or evaluated dissemination or implementation strategies for a prespecified list of guidelines. A modified strategy classification system was developed to chart the data. Forty-seven reports met inclusion criteria. Dissemination strategies (n = 42) were more frequently reported than implementation strategies (n = 24). Implementation strategies were more frequently evaluated (n = 13 vs. 7 dissemination strategies) and associated with positive outcomes. The 13 studies that evaluated strategies were at high or serious risk of bias. We identified limited information about the dissemination and implementation of national movement guidelines and identified strategies were rarely evaluated. Greater efforts are required to increase the impact of guidelines among the general public and stakeholders and to build the evidence base in this field. (Open Science Framework registration: https://osf.io/4tyw3.) Novelty An adapted movement guideline dissemination and implementation strategy classification framework is provided. Knowledge translation efforts should be documented and evaluated to advance science and practice in the movement guideline field.

Cross-sectional studies have found a correlation between the duration or volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and steps per day (STEP), but there is little information on why this relationship varies among individuals. No previous research has established whether STEP can be used to estimate the duration of physical activity (PA) at or above lactate threshold (≥LT), such as for maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness. This study explored the association among STEP, MVPA indices, and ≥LT under free-living conditions. Seventy young adult women measured their PA for 7 days using a validated accelerometer. The mean LT measured by an exercise test was 5.8 ± 1.0 METs. STEP, MVPA, METs×h, and ≥LT were 9324 ± 2677 steps/day, 231.9 ± 101.5 min/week, 16.6 ± 7.4 METs×h/week and 24.0 ± 22.2 min/week, respectively. Significant correlations were found between STEP and MVPA duration and between STEP and METs×h/week (r = 0.81 and r = 0.81); however, approximately 1600 steps/day of the standard error of estimates in the regression equations were found. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that the percentage of total time spent at light-intensity PA (LPA) and MVPA were significant determinants of the percent deviation of STEP from the linear relationships between STEP and MVPA indices. No significant relationship was observed between ≥LT and STEP. The association between STEP and MVPA fluctuated depending on individual daily LPA and MVPA. Thus, consideration of both STEP and the PA at specific intensities are necessary to ensure the PA guidelines are met and the health benefits gained. STEP alone would be not a sufficient indicator for assessing the ≥LT.

Aging is characterized by physiological and morphological changes that affect body composition, strength, and function, ultimately leading to sarcopenia. This condition results in physical disability, falls, fractures, poor quality of life, and increased health care costs. Evidence suggests that increased consumption of dietary protein and physical activity levels, especially resistance exercise, can counteract the trajectory of sarcopenia. Canadian guidelines for protein intake and physical activity were last updated in 2005 and 2011, respectively, and new evidence on sarcopenia diagnosis, prevention, and treatment is rapidly evolving. Protein recommendations are set as \"one-size-fits-all\" for both young and older adults. Recent evidence demonstrates that current recommendations are insufficient to meet the minimum protein requirement to counteract muscle loss and to stimulate hypertrophy in healthy older adults. Beyond quantity, protein quality is also essential to benefit muscle anabolism in older adults. In terms of physical activity, resistance exercise training is a potential strategy to counteract age-related effects, as it can elicit muscle hypertrophic response in addition to increases in muscle strength and function in older adults. Canadian physical activity guidelines lack details on how this modality of training should be performed. Current guidelines for protein intake and physical activity do not reflect recent knowledge on sarcopenia prevention. The gap between guidelines and the latest evidence on the maintenance and promotion of older adult\'s health highlight the need for updated protein and physical activity recommendations.

Canadian physical activity guidelines recommend older adults accumulate 150 min of weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Older adults who are insufficiently active may have reduced blood vessel health and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We tested this hypothesis in 11 older adults who did (7 female; age, 65 ± 5 years; MVPA, = 239 ± 81 min/week) and 10 older adults who did not (7 female; age, 68 ± 9 years; MVPA, 95 ± 33 min/week) meet MVPA guidelines. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial (BA) and popliteal (POP) arteries, as well as nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD; endothelial-independent dilation) in the POP were assessed via ultrasonography. Aerobic fitness (peak oxygen uptake) was determined using a graded, maximal cycle ergometry test via indirect calorimetry. MVPA and sedentary time were assessed over 5 days using the PiezoRx and activPAL, respectively. There were no differences in peak oxygen uptake (26 ± 10 vs. 22 ± 10 mL O2/(kg·min); p = 0.26) or sedentary time (512 ± 64 vs. 517 ± 76 min/day; p = 0.87) between groups; however, those who achieved the MVPA guidelines had a higher BA-FMD (5.1% ± 1.3% vs. 3.6% ± 1.7%; p = 0.03), POP-FMD (2.6% ± 1.1% vs. 1.3% ± 0.8%; p = 0.006), and POP-NMD (5.1% ± 1.7% vs. 3.3% ± 2.1%; p = 0.04). In the pooled sample, MVPA was moderately correlated to both BA-FMD (r = 0.53; p = 0.01) and POP-NMD (r = 0.59; p = 0.005), and strongly correlated to POP-FMD (r = 0.85; p < 0.001). Collectively, our results provide supporting evidence that meeting MVPA guidelines is associated with better vascular function and may reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in older adults. Furthermore, these data suggest that weekly MVPA time may have a greater impact on blood vessel function than aerobic fitness and weekly sedentary time.

The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth were released in 2016. These guidelines contained recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if achieving the individual recommendations and combinations of the recommendations within the guidelines is associated with indicators of physical, mental, and social health within children and youth; (ii) if meeting the recommendation for a specific movement behaviour is associated with larger differences in physical, mental, and social health indicators compared with meeting the recommendations for the other specific movement behaviours; and (iii) if physical, mental, and social health indicators differ according to different combinations of the guideline recommendations achieved. To address these objectives, we studied a representative sample of over 17 000 Canadians aged 10-17 years. The findings indicated that participants achieving any given recommendation had preferable scores for the health outcomes compared with participants who did not meet the recommendations. There was a dose-response pattern between the number of recommendations achieved and the health outcomes, indicating that the health outcomes improved as more recommendations were achieved. When the number of recommendations achieved was the same, there were no differences in the health outcomes. For instance, health indicators scores were not different in the group who achieved the sleep and screen time recommendations, the group who achieved sleep and moderate to vigorous physical activity recommendations, and the group who achieved screen time and moderate to vigorous physical activity recommendations.