Brazil plays an important role in ensuring its position on the international market by assuring high food safety standards for its products, and all products should meet the requirements for residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in animal products. Statutory monitoring provides insights into the compliance of the Brazilian industry regarding these legal requirements. The objective of this study was to provide insight into the safety of Brazilian animal products by reporting the occurrence of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants according to an analysis of an 11-year report published by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). Between 2010 and 2021, 166,647 samples from animal-derived products were analyzed in Brazil, and 624 of those samples were non-compliant (0.37%) exceeding maximum residue limits (>MRLs) or showed the presence of prohibited substances. The most common types of substances found in the non-compliant samples were heavy metals, parasiticides, and antimicrobials, accounting for 82% of all documents from the MAPA. Among Brazilian products, the challenge related to occurrence of substances varied across the food supply chain, with highest incidence rates observed in the fish chain, followed by eggs, milk, equids, sheep/goat, honey, bovine, swine, and broilers chains in decreasing order. Considering the type of substance, heavy metals were found to be more prevalent in fish products, mainly arsenic in wild fish. The prevalence of contaminants and heavy metals decreased, while that of veterinary drugs increased in Brazilian products from 2010 to 2021. From these results, it can be concluded that the number of accidental incidents including those associated with environmental contaminants decreased over the last decade, opposed to those involving human adversaries and deliberate illegal actions, such as the abuse of veterinary drugs, increased. Future monitoring plans need to take this paradigm shift into account.

Veterinary pharmaceuticals (VPs) residues may end up on the soil via manure, and from there can be transported to groundwater due to leaching. In this study an analytical framework to estimate the leaching potential of VPs at the national scale is presented. This approach takes soil-applied VPs concentrations, soil-hydraulic and soil-chemical properties, groundwater levels, sorption and degradation of VPs into account. For six commonly soil-applied VPs in the Netherlands, we assess quantities leached to groundwater and their spatial distribution, as well as the relative importance of processes that drive leaching. Our results for VPs Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, and Ivermectin indicate that maximum quantities that may leach to groundwater are very low, i.e. ≪1 μg/ha, hence spatial differences are not investigated. For VPs Sulfadiazine and Flubendazole we identify a few regions that are potentially prone to leaching, with leached quantities higher than 1 μg/ha. Leaching patterns of these two VPs are dominated by soil properties and groundwater levels rather than soil-applied quantities. For Dexamethasone, even though applied on the soil in much lower concentrations compared to other investigated VPs, spatially widespread leaching to groundwater is found, with leached quantities higher than 1 μg/ha. Due to the leaching affinity of Dexamethasone, variations in the soil-applied amounts have significant influence on the quantities leached to groundwater. Dexamethasone is highlighted as important for the future environmental risk assessment efforts. This study has shown that the leaching potential of VPs is not determined by one single parameter, but by a combination of parameters. This combination also depends on the compound investigated.

In life cycle assessments of livestock systems, toxicity-related impacts are not commonly considered or only specific aspects (such as pesticides, manufacturing of inputs) are assessed. In this context, the aim of this study was to define a framework for assessing toxicity-related impacts and to characterize human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity for a livestock product based on applying the state-of-the-art models PestLCI Consensus and USEtox. Furthermore, methodological gaps were discussed and ways forward were suggested. The case study focused on Danish pork production and the toxicity results were reported per kg \'meat\' (the parts of pig used for human consumption) leaving the slaughterhouse. The assessment framework included the use of pesticides and heavy metals in feed production, the use of veterinary pharmaceuticals in pig production, and the manufacturing of inputs. The use of cleaning agents could not be assessed with the currently available methods. New characterization factors were calculated for 35 chemicals not available in USEtox. For Danish pork production, feed production was the main contributor to the analyzed toxicity impacts. The use of pesticides was the main driver for organic substances while heavy metal emissions related to the application of pig manure to fields were the hotspot for metal-based substances. The use of veterinary pharmaceuticals contributed only to freshwater ecotoxicity by 3%. PestLCI Consensus estimates were compared with different approaches. The impact of metabolites of pesticides and veterinary pharmaceuticals was assessed and discussed. Methodological gaps and research needs were identified regarding the assessment of pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, metal-based substances, inorganic substances, and combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Better data related to the use and chemical properties of substances are needed to reduce uncertainty in toxicity modeling.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the vigilance system in Switzerland is the evaluation and classification of reported suspected adverse reactions of immunological veterinary medicines (IVMP), including suspected lack of expected efficacy. The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) is the competent authority for marketing authorizations of immunological veterinary medicinal products in Switzerland and responsible for the vaccinovigilance system. In 2020, 130 adverse reaction reports were received (5% less compared to 2019). The reports mainly concerned dogs (41%) and cats (25%) followed by cattle (18%) and horses (7%). Many of the reports in dogs involved the application of combined vaccines against canine distemper, hepatitis, parvovirosis and parainfluenza in combination with canine leptospira components, in cats against cat flu and feline panleukopenia in combination with feline leukaemia virus infection. Causality assessments were done according to the international ABON system. In 27% of the reported cases, the causality assessments between the vaccination and the reaction described were evaluated as being probable (ABON A), in 44% as possible (ABON B).
BACKGROUND: Das Ziel des Vaccinovigilancemeldesystems ist die Erfassung und Klassifizierung von unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) nach der Anwendung von immunologischen Tierarzneimitteln (TAM) in der Schweiz. Dazu zählt auch eine vermutete ungenügende Wirksamkeit von Impfstoffen. Als Zulassungsstelle für immunologische TAM ist die Impfstoffkontrolle des Instituts für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI) auch zuständig für das Vaccinovigilancemeldesystem. 130 UAW Meldungen zu zugelassenen immunologischen TAM wurden im Jahr 2020 erfasst (5% weniger als 2019). Am häufigsten betrafen die Meldungen Kleintiere: Hunde (41%) und Katzen (25%), gefolgt von Rindern (18%) und Pferden (7%). Beim Hund basierten die meisten UAW auf der Anwendung von Impfstoffen gegen Staupe, Hepatitis, Parvovirose und Parainfluenza in Kombination mit Leptospirose, bei der Katze waren es Impfstoffe gegen Katzenschnupfen und -seuche kombiniert mit Feliner Leukämievirusinfektion. Die Meldungen wurden gemäss dem internationalen ABON System klassifiziert. In 27% aller eingegangenen Fälle wurde ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der Impfung und der Impfreaktion als wahrscheinlich (ABON A), in 44% als möglich (ABON B) beurteilt.
BACKGROUND: L’objectif du système de vaccinovigilance en Suisse est l’évaluation et la classification des effets indésirables suspectés signalés en rapport à des médicaments vétérinaires immunologiques, y compris le manque présumé d’efficacité attendue. L’Institut de virologie et d’immunologie (IVI) est l’autorité compétente pour les autorisations de mise sur le marché des médicaments immunologiques vétérinaires en Suisse et est responsable du système de vaccinovigilance. En 2020, 130 déclarations d’effets indésirables ont été reçues (5% de moins par rapport à 2019). Les signalements concernaient principalement les chiens (41%) et les chats (25%) suivis des bovins (18%) et des chevaux (7%). Chez les chiens, ces annonces impliquaient principalement l’application de vaccins combinés contre la maladie de Carré, l’hépatite, la parvovirose et la parainfluenza en combinaison avec la leptospirose, chez les chats contre le coryza et la panleucopénie féline en association avec la leucose féline. Les évaluations de causalité ont été effectuées selon le système international ABON. Dans 27% des cas rapportés, les évaluations de causalité entre la vaccination et la réaction décrite ont été évaluées comme probables (ABON A), dans 44% comme possibles (ABON B).
BACKGROUND: Lo scopo del sistema di notifica di vaccinovigilanza è di identificare e classificare le reazioni avverse di un farmaco che possono sorgere dopo l’uso di medicamenti veterinari (MVet) immunologici in Svizzera. Questo include anche il sospetto di un’insufficiente efficacia dei vaccini. L’Istituto di Virologia e Immunologia (IVI), in qualità di ufficio di omologazione dei Mvet immunologici, è responsabile anche del sistema di notifica di vaccinovigilanza. Nel 2020 sono state registrate 130 notifiche di Mvet immunologici omologati (5% in meno del 2019). Le notifiche riguardavano per la maggior parte piccoli animali: cani (41%) e gatti (25%), seguiti da bovini (18%) e cavalli (7%). Nei cani la maggioranza delle reazioni avverse erano conseguenti all’uso di vaccini contro cimurro, epatite, parvovirosi e parainfluenza in combinazione con la leptospirosi, nei gatti invece le reazioni avverse erano in relazione a vaccini contro la rinite felina e la gastroenterite felina combinata con l’infezione virale della leucemia felina. Le notifiche sono state classificate secondo il sistema internazionale ABON. Nel 27% dei casi inoltrati è stata considerata una relazione causale tra la vaccinazione e la risposta alla vaccinazione come probabile (ABON A), e nel 44% come possibile (ABON B).

The human use of over-the-counter antibiotics intended for the treatment of pet animals has been recognized as a potential barrier to antibiotic stewardship efforts. The objective of this report is to describe a case of self-medication with a fish antibiotic resulting in delayed medical treatment and provide recommendations for pharmacists practicing in outpatient settings on how to best identify and manage nonprescription antibiotic use.
A 24-year-old man experienced dental pain and \"flu-like\" symptoms for which he attempted self-treatment with oral amoxicillin 250 mg daily purchased by a family member from a pet store. The amoxicillin was marketed for the treatment of bacterial infection in pet fish. After several days of increasing tooth pain despite the self-medication, the patient presented to an outpatient clinic where he was found to have a molar abscess requiring tooth extraction. The patient responded well to therapy and was counseled to discontinue antibiotic self-treatment.
Undocumented use of nonprescription antibiotics represents a threat to patient safety. Potential deleterious outcomes include resistance, adverse drug events, and delays in definitive infection treatment. Pharmacists should screen patients for nonprescription antibiotic use, provide them counseling on appropriate antibiotic use, and educate other health care professionals on underrecognized sources of nonprescription antibiotics to increase awareness of this growing issue. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance should be considered when recommending an antibiotic agent for the treatment of infections.

暂无摘要。

Cephalosporins are of particular importance in human medicine and should be reserved for second-line curative treatment in the veterinary field to avoid any emerging antimicrobial resistance. Due to misuse of ceftiofur in the poultry sector in France, it is now recommended to completely stop using cephalosporins in this sector. Methods currently used for the control of veterinary practices are mostly based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in a targeted mode, including parent compounds and any major metabolites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of untargeted metabolomic approaches to highlight a possible exposure of laying hens to cephalosporins using a predictive model including selected treatment biomarkers. An experimentation carried out on living animals involved the administration of cefquinome and ceftiofur. Three biological matrices-droppings, eggs and liver-were investigated. Metabolites were extracted and analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry in a full scan mode. Metabolites impacted by the treatment were selected by using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Predictive models built from the potential biomarkers selected in the \"droppings\" matrix were validated and able to classify \"treated\" and \"control\" hens. PLS-DA and logistic regression models were compared and both models gave satisfactory results in terms of prediction. Results were of less interest for other matrices in which only biomarkers of exposure to cefquinome were detected.

A total of 306 reports of adverse reactions to veterinary medicinal products were received during the year 2017 representing an increase of 21% compared to the previous year. The majority of these reports described reactions concerning companion animals (180 dogs and 59 cats) as well as cattle (38 reports) and horses (14 reports). Most of the reported reactions were linked to the use of antiparasitics (158 reports), hormone products (30 reports) and anti-inflammatory products (25 reports). 40 reports were generated from consultations with Tox Info Suisse in Zürich and mainly involved the excessive intake of flavoured tablets and, in some cases, the use of products under the cascade regulation (applied to another species than that authorized). Nine signals were identified from the reports, resulting in revisions of the product information in the sections addressing contra-indications or adverse reactions.
Im Jahr 2017 wurden 306 Meldungen zu unerwünschten Wirkungen von Tierarzneimitteln eingereicht, was einer Zunahme von 21% gegenüber dem Vorjahr entspricht. Am häufigsten wurden Reaktionen bei Kleintieren (180 Hunden und 59 Katzen) sowie bei Rindern/Kälbern (38 Meldungen) und Pferden (14 Meldungen) gemeldet. Die am häufigsten betroffenen Medikamentengruppen waren wie in früheren Jahren Antiparasitika (158 Meldungen), Hormonpräparate (30) und Entzündungshemmer (25). Von Tox Info Suisse, Zürich wurden 40 Fälle übermittelt, die mehrheitlich die Aufnahme von Tierarzneimitteln mit Aromastoffen in Überdosis sowie einige Umwidmungen betrafen. Aus den gesammelten Meldungen wurden neun Signale identifiziert, die zur Anpassung der Arzneimittelinformation der betroffenen Präparate in den Rubriken „unerwünschte Wirkungen“ oder „Kontraindikationen“ führten.
En 2017, 306 annonces d’effets indésirables de médicaments vétérinaires ont été enregistrées, ce qui constitue une augmentation de 21% par rapport à l’année précédente. Des réactions ont principalement été rapportées chez les petits animaux (180 chiens et 59 chats), ainsi que chez les bovins (38 annonces) et les chevaux (14 annonces). Les groupes de médicaments les plus souvent concernés étaient, comme les années précédentes, les antiparasitaires (158 annonces), les préparations hormonales (30 annonces) et les anti-inflammatoires (25 annonces). Quarante cas ont été transmis par Tox Info Suisse, Zürich, qui concernaient principalement l’absorption en surdose de médicaments vétérinaires aromatisés ainsi que quelques cas de reconversions. Sur la base de l’ensemble des annonces, neuf signaux ont été identifiés qui ont conduit à l’adaptation des informations sur les produits dans les rubriques «effets secondaires indésirables» ou «contre-indications».
Nel 2017 sono state inoltrate 306 notifiche di effetti indesiderati di medicamenti per uso veterinario. Questo rappresenta rispetto allo scorso anno un incremento del 21%. Più di frequente sono state inoltrate notifiche relative a reazioni nei piccoli animali (180 cani e 59 gatti), nei bovini e vitelli (38 notifiche) e nei cavalli (14 notifiche).  I gruppi di medicinali maggiormente messi in causa sono gli antiparassitari (158 notifiche), i preparati ormonali (30) e gli antiinfiammatori (25). Dal Tox Info Suisse di Zurigo sono stati trasmessi 40 casi, riguardanti principalmente l’ingestione in sovradosaggio di medicinali ad uso veterinario contenenti aromi e alcuni con un cambiamento di destinazione. Tra tutte le notifiche sono stati identificati 9 punti che hanno portato a un adeguamento delle informazioni del preparato in questione nelle rubriche “effetti indesiderati” oppure “controindicazioni”.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the Vaccinovigilance system is the identification of adverse reactions and rare events after the use of immunological veterinary medicinal products. In the year 2017, 128 reports of adverse reactions following the application of various authorized vaccines were received and evaluated. The notifications were submitted primarily by marketing authorization holders (96) or veterinarians (27) and private persons (5). As in previous years, dogs were involved in most of the adverse effects (55%), followed by cattle (18%) and swine (10%). Unlike the previous years, significantly fewer reports were submitted on cats (8%). The correlation between reaction and vaccination was considered probable in 43% of the - cases.
BACKGROUND: Ziel des Vaccinovigilance-Meldesystems ist die Identifizierung unerwünschter Wirkungen, welche nach einer Anwendung von immunologischen Tierarzneimitteln (TAM) auftreten können. Im Jahr 2017 sind 128 Meldungen von im Handel zugelassenen immunologischen TAM eingereicht worden. Diese wurden entweder von den Zulassungsfirmen (96), praktizierenden Tierärzten (27) oder Privatpersonen (5) eingesandt. Wie in früheren Jahren betrafen die unerwünschten Wirkungen vorwiegend Hunde (55%) gefolgt von Rindern (18%) und Schweinen (10%). Im Gegensatz zu den Vorjahren liegen deutlich weniger Meldungen zu Katzen (8%) vor. In 43% aller eingegangenen Fälle wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Reaktion und Impfung als wahrscheinlich beurteilt.
BACKGROUND: L’objectif du système d’annonces de vaccinovigilance est d’identifier les effets indésirables pouvant survenir à la suite de l’utilisation de médicaments vétérinaires immunologiques. En 2017, 128 notifications concernant des médicaments vétérinaires immunologiques approuvées commercialement ont été soumises. Elles ont été envoyés soit par les sociétés d’enregistrement (96), les vétérinaires praticiens (27) ou des particuliers (5). Comme les années précédentes, les effets indésirables concernent principalement les chiens (55%), suivis des bovins (18%) et des porcs (10%). Contrairement aux années précédentes, il y a beaucoup moins de rapports sur les chats (8%). Dans 43% des cas, la relation entre la réaction et le vaccin a été jugée probable.
BACKGROUND: Lo scopo del sistema di notifica di vaccinovigilanza è di identificare gli effetti indesiderati che possono sorgere dopo l’uso di medicamenti veterinari (Mvet) immunologici. Nel 2017 sono state presentate 128 notifiche di medicamenti immunologici per uso veterinario approvati commercialmente. Queste notifiche sono state inviate da società di omologazione (96), da veterinari (27) o da privati (5). Come negli anni precedenti, gli effetti indesiderati interessavano principalmente i cani (55%), seguiti dai bovini (18%) e dai suini (10%). Rispetto agli anni passati le segnalazioni per i gatti (8%) sono regredite notevolmente. Nel 43% dei casi ricevuti, la relazione tra la reazione e la vaccinazione è stata valutata come probabile.

暂无摘要。