Veterinary Drugs

兽药
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    纳米技术是一种不断扩展的新技术,可促进基于纳米颗粒(1-100nm)的有机和无机材料的生产。这样的工具在生物工程等不同领域具有重要功能,制药,电子,能源,核能,燃料,它的应用对人类有帮助,动物,植物,和环境健康。确切地说,纳米粒子是通过不同的技术,如化学,自上而下和自下而上的方法合成的,物理,生物学的进步。表征是至关重要的,纳米粒子的性状的确认是通过各种仪器分析,如紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis),傅里叶变换红外光谱,扫描电子显微镜,透射电子显微镜,X射线衍射,原子力显微镜,环形暗场成像,和颅内压.此外,益生菌是友好的微生物,尽管以足够的量给宿主提供健康优势。表征研究对于鉴定良好的益生菌更为重要。同样,溶血活性,耐酸和胆盐,自动聚合,抗菌化合物生产,抑制病原体,增强免疫系统,和更多的健康有益的影响宿主。纳米颗粒和益生菌联合递送应用的协同作用仍然局限于食品,饲料,和生物医学应用。然而,它们与人类和动物的免疫系统和肠道微生物群相互作用的机制尚不清楚。这篇综述讨论了当前的研究进展,以填补研究空白并促进人类和动物健康的成功改善。
    Nanotechnology is an expanding and new technology that prompts production with nanoparticle-based (1-100 nm) organic and inorganic materials. Such a tool has an imperative function in different sectors like bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, electronics, energy, nuclear energy, and fuel, and its applications are helpful for human, animal, plant, and environmental health. In exacting, the nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through different techniques such as chemical, physical, and biological progress. The characterization is vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses like UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, annular dark-field imaging, and intracranial pressure. In addition, probiotics are friendly microbes which while administered in sufficient quantity confer health advantages to the host. Characterization investigation is much more significant to the identification of good probiotics. Similarly, haemolytic activity, acid and bile salt tolerance, autoaggregation, antimicrobial compound production, inhibition of pathogens, enhance the immune system, and more health-beneficial effects on the host. The synergistic effects of nanoparticles and probiotics combined delivery applications are still limited to food, feed, and biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms by which they interact with the immune system and gut microbiota in humans and animals are largely unclear. This review discusses current research advancements to fulfil research gaps and promote the successful improvement of human and animal health.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    复原力,定义为动物应对短期环境挑战并恢复到挑战前状态的能力,是一个动态和复杂的特征。弹性动物可以增强畜群应对经常波动和不可预测的环境条件的能力。随着时间的推移,现代技术能够同时记录单个动物的多种绩效指标,这是评估农场动物恢复能力的巨大一步。然而,弹性不能直接测量,需要具有生物学意义参数的数学模型来获得定量的弹性指标。此外,还可能需要解释模型来确定动物感知的扰动周期。这些应用程序不需要明确了解扰动的起源,而是基于在扰动期间和之外的数据中获得的实时信息而开发的。本文的主要目的是回顾和举例说明,应用于这新一代数据的不同建模方法(即,高频记录)以检测和量化动物对扰动的反应。开发了案例研究,以说明实时和后处理数据的替代方法。此外,提出了使用混合模型更好地理解和预测动物韧性的观点。在个体水平上对恢复力的量化使得将该性状纳入未来的育种计划成为可能。这将提高动物适应不断变化的环境的能力,因此有可能减少疾病和其他环境压力对动物福利的影响。此外,这种量化允许农民定制管理策略,以帮助个体动物应对扰动,因此减少了药物的使用,并降低动物的疼痛程度。
    Resilience, when defined as the capacity of an animal to respond to short-term environmental challenges and to return to the prechallenge status, is a dynamic and complex trait. Resilient animals can reinforce the capacity of the herd to cope with often fluctuating and unpredictable environmental conditions. The ability of modern technologies to simultaneously record multiple performance measures of individual animals over time is a huge step forward to evaluate the resilience of farm animals. However, resilience is not directly measurable and requires mathematical models with biologically meaningful parameters to obtain quantitative resilience indicators. Furthermore, interpretive models may also be needed to determine the periods of perturbation as perceived by the animal. These applications do not require explicit knowledge of the origin of the perturbations and are developed based on real-time information obtained in the data during and outside the perturbation period. The main objective of this paper was to review and illustrate with examples, different modelling approaches applied to this new generation of data (i.e., with high-frequency recording) to detect and quantify animal responses to perturbations. Case studies were developed to illustrate alternative approaches to real-time and post-treatment of data. In addition, perspectives on the use of hybrid models for better understanding and predicting animal resilience are presented. Quantification of resilience at the individual level makes possible the inclusion of this trait into future breeding programmes. This would allow improvement of the capacity of animals to adapt to a changing environment, and therefore potentially reduce the impact of disease and other environmental stressors on animal welfare. Moreover, such quantification allows the farmer to tailor the management strategy to help individual animals to cope with the perturbation, hence reducing the use of pharmaceuticals, and decreasing the level of pain of the animal.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    环糊精(CD)是用于改善治疗分子的药代动力学参数的载体分子家族。这些环状寡糖通过能够与难溶于水的分子形成包合复合物而具有医学和药学应用。这些复合物的好处是针对改善化学和生物学特性-即,溶解度,生物利用度,稳定性,药物分子的无毒性和保质期。自1960年代以来,用于治疗的第一个包合物是那些具有α-,β-和γ-CD,这证明了它们的有用性,但有一定程度的肾毒性。目前,为了纠正这些缺陷,β-CD衍生物是最常用的,如磺丁基醚-β-CD,羟丙基-β-CD,等。因此,令人感兴趣的是,提请那些感兴趣的人注意包合物在兽医学中当前和潜在的未来临床应用的多样性,并介绍这些包合物在提高药物疗效方面的贡献。本文综述了β-CD复合分子在兽医学领域中最重要的生物学活性。
    Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of carrier molecules used to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of therapeutic molecules. These cyclic oligosaccharides have medical and pharmaceutical applications by being able to form inclusion complexes with molecules that are poorly soluble in water. The benefits of these complexes are directed towards improving the chemical and biological properties-i.e., solubility, bioavailability, stability, non-toxicity and shelf life of drug molecules. Since the 1960s, the first inclusion complexes used in therapeutics were those with α-, β- and γ-CD, which proved their usefulness, but had certain degrees of particularly renal toxicity. Currently, to correct these deficiencies, β-CD derivatives are most frequently used, such as sulfobutylether-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, etc. Therefore, it is of interest to bring to the attention of those interested the diversity of current and potential future clinical applications of inclusion complexes in veterinary medicine and to present the contribution of these inclusion complexes in improving drug efficacy. The most important biological activities of β-CD complexed molecules in the veterinary field are summarized in this short review.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    兽医管理局(VMD)自2013年以来首次审查《兽医法规》(VMR)。
    The Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) is reviewing the Veterinary Medicines Regulations (VMRs) for the first time since 2013.
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  • 文章类型: Meta-Analysis
    如今,不正确地使用抗生素来治疗蜂蜜中的感染导致了人类的健康风险和抗生素耐药性。目前进行的系统评价和荟萃分析研究蜂蜜中的抗生素残留。数据是通过搜索数据库获得的,包括Scopus,WebofScience,PubMed,和其他内部数据库。抗生素残留物的合并浓度为5.032(µg/kg),范围为4.72至5.33(µg/kg)。抗生素浓度的排列顺序为氟喹诺酮(8.59µg/kg)>四环素(5.68µg/kg)>磺胺类(5.54µg/kg)>大环内酯类(4.19µg/kg),分别。液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)法(37.9.7%),高效液相色谱法(HPLC)(34.4%),在各种研究中,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法(27.5.8%)是最常用的方法。为了避免污染,正确使用抗生素,将蜂箱放置在离农业环境合适的距离处,定期控制蜂蜜中的抗生素残留似乎是必要的。
    Nowadays, incorrect apply of antibiotics to treat infections in honey has led to health risks for humans and antibiotic resistance. Current systematic review and meta-analysis conducted to study antibiotic residues in honey. Data were obtained through searching the databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and other internal databases. The pooled concentration of antibiotic residues was 5.032 (µg/kg) that ranged from 4.72 to 5.33 (µg/kg). The ranking of antibiotics concentration was found in order of fluoroquinolone (8.59 µg/kg) > tetracycline (5.68 µg/kg) > sulfonamides (5.54 µg/kg) > macrolides (4.19µg/kg), respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method (37.9.7%), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (34.4%), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (27.5.8%) were the most used methods in various studies. In order to avoid contamination, proper use of antibiotics, placement of hives at a suitable distance from agricultural environment, and regular control of antibiotic residues in honey seems to be necessary.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在本文中,我们讨论了兽药及其在食品工业中的应用,以及这些残留物对人类和动物健康的风险。我们回顾了兽药残留物如何进入并引起一些有害影响。我们还提到了两种技术来确定来自动物的食物中存在的兽药残留,包括经典和先进的技术。最后,我们讨论各种已开发方法的潜力,并将它们与一些传统技术进行比较。
    In this paper, we discuss veterinary medicine and its applications in the food industry as well as the risk to the health of humans and animals caused by these residues. We review how the veterinary residues enter and cause some detrimental effects. We also mention two techniques to determine the residue of veterinary medications that exist in food originating from animals, including classic and advanced techniques. Finally, we discuss the potential of various developed methods and compare them with some traditional techniques.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Antibiotic residues (ARs) in food of animal origin are of worldwide concern, particularly in China, the world\'s largest producer and consumer of antibiotics. Aiming to provide a reference for the use of antibiotics in dairy cows, for supervision and management departments in the detection of related antibiotics, and for guiding the safe use of antibiotics in food, this systematic review was carried out to determine the prevalence of ARs and antibiotic detection techniques in Chinese milk over the past three decades. The systematic review follows the PRSIMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Both English (Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science) and Chinese databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and WanFang Database) were systematically searched, from inception to 31 July 2020. Among the 3131 citations screened, 46 active surveillance cross-sectional studies published between 1988 and 2020 in 26 Chinese provinces were eligible, providing antibiotic levels for a total of 8788 milk samples. Although the AR rates in fresh and sterilized milk fluctuate, they have largely declined in recent years. Among the 18 evaluated antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim are primary antibiotics with high residual rates. The most frequently used technique to monitor antibiotic levels in milk is 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. This review confirmed the importance of food safety monitoring and surveillance systems in preventing antibiotic exceedances in food. Several lessons learned from antibiotic surveillance and supervision in China were revealed. The provision of education to rural farmers should be strengthened to enhance their knowledge on antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Moreover, a standard operational protocol for screening and targeting antibiotics in dairy products should be considered to increase the comparability between cross-sectional active surveillance studies of AR in milk.
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    文章类型: Journal Article
    近年来,仪器小型化的趋势导致了新的和复杂的分析系统的发展,如纳米液相色谱(nano-LC),提高了灵敏度,以及色谱分辨率。对纳米LC方法的日益增长的兴趣导致了各种创新和有希望的应用。在这篇文章中,本文综述了纳米LC分离与质谱联用技术在食品和环境样品分析中的应用。提供了样品制备方法和分析性能的评估,与其他人相比,更成熟的分析技术。本综述考虑了对食品安全评估至关重要的三大类化合物:药物(包括抗生素),杀虫剂,和霉菌毒素。讨论了纳米LC法在测定这些化合物中的最新实际应用。此外,我们还重点介绍了使用纳米LC方法测定各种环境污染物的方法。讨论了纳米LC方法发展的未来前景。
    In recent years, a trend toward instrument miniaturization has led to the development of new and sophisticated analytical systems, such as nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC), which has enabled improvements of sensitivity, as well as chromatographic resolution. The growing interest in nano-LC methodology has resulted in a variety of innovative and promising applications. In this article, we review the applications of nano-LC separation methods coupled with mass spectrometry in the analysis of food and environmental samples. An assessment of sample preparation methods and analytical performance are provided, along with comparison to other, more established analytical techniques. Three main groups of compounds that are crucial for food safety assessment are considered in this review: pharmaceuticals (including antibiotics), pesticides, and mycotoxins. Recent practical applications of the nano-LC method in the determination of these compounds are discussed. Furthermore, we also focus on methods for the determination of various environmental contaminants using nano-LC methods. Future perspectives for the development of nano-LC methods are discussed.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Green chemistry is the use of chemistry to reduce or eliminate the use of generation of feedstocks, products, by-products, solvents, reagents, etc. that are hazardous to human health or the environment. One of the branches of green chemistry is micellar liquid chromatography. Micellar liquid chromatography is a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic mode with mobile phases containing a surfactant above its critical micellar concentration. The applications of micellar liquid chromatography for the determination of numerous compounds in pharmaceutical formulation, biological samples, food, environmental samples, and feeds have been growing rapidly. Micellar liquid chromatography technique has several advantages over other chromatographic techniques. Its main advantage is the small amount of organic modifiers used such as acetonitrile and methanol and the safety and recyclability of the mobile phase. In our work, we discuss the development of \"green chemistry\" and present what micellar liquid chromatography is. This article presents application methods with the use of micellar liquid chromatography for analysis on antibacterial substances, melamine, biogenic amines, plant protection products, flavonoids, as well as peptides in biological matrices such as milk, eggs, tissues, honey, and feed.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals either in the form of un-metabolized, incompletely metabolized, and metabolized drugs are increasingly present in aquatic ecosystems. These active pharmaceutical ingredients from pharmaceutical industries, hospitals, agricultural, and domestic discharges find their way into water systems - where they adversely affect non-target organisms like phytoplankton. Different aspects of phytoplankton life; ranging from growth, reproduction, morphology, physiology, biochemical composition, oxidative response, proteomics, and transcriptomics are altered by pharmaceuticals. This review discusses the currently available information on the susceptibility of phytoplankton to the ever-increasing presence of pharmaceutical products in the aquatic environment by focusing on the effect of APIs on the physiology, metabolome, and proteome profiles of phytoplankton. We also highlight gaps in literature concerning the salient underlining biochemical interactions between phytoplankton communities and pharmaceuticals that require an in-depth investigation. This is all in a bid to understand the imminent dangers of the contamination of water bodies with pharmaceutical products and how this process unfavorably affects aquatic food webs.
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