The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) offers numerous land products of the Earth\'s datasets. On the other hand, researchers find it difficult to retrieve this data for specific places. The methods for extracting and analyzing land surface temperature (LST), land use and land cover (LULC), and elevation are presented in this study. The R commands provided make the time-consuming process of extracting data for specific places much more accessible. As a result, a statistical study of LST over Bali is shown as an example. Over the 15 regions of Bali, a quadratic polynomial identified five possible warming patterns, while a logistic regression model assessed the probability of warming. The findings suggest that 25.2% of Bali has warmed during the last two decades, with temperatures being highest in urban and built-up areas and deciduous forests and inversely associated with elevation. Global warming has sparked a lot of academic interest and has become a serious climate problem. The techniques proposed in this work simplify the extraction of LST, LULC, and elevation data from MODIS satellites. These approaches can also be used on other datasets with identical topologies, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), aerosol optical depth (AOD), and night light data.

To determine the long-term cardiovascular disease risk of astronauts with spaceflight exposure compared with a well-matched cohort.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronauts are selected into their profession based upon education, unique skills, and health and are exposed to cardiovascular disease risk factors during spaceflight. The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (CCLS) is a generally healthy cohort from a preventive medicine clinic in Dallas, Texas. Using a matched cohort design, astronauts who were selected beginning April 1, 1959, (and each subsequent selection class through 2009) and exposed to spaceflight were matched to CCLS participants who met astronaut selection criteria; 1514 CCLS participants matched to 303 astronauts in a 5-to-1 ratio on sex, date of birth, and age. The outcome of cardiovascular mortality through December 31, 2016, was determined by death certificate or National Death Index.
There were 11 deaths caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) among astronauts and 46 among CCLS participants. There was no evidence of increased mortality risk in astronauts (hazard ratio [HR]=1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50 to 2.45) with adjustment for baseline cardiovascular covariates. However, the secondary outcome of CVD events showed an increased adjusted risk in astronauts (HR=2.41; 95% CI, 1.26 to 4.63).
No increased risk of CVD mortality was observed in astronauts with spaceflight exposure compared with a well-matched cohort, but there was evidence of increased total CVD events. Given that the duration of spaceflight will increase, particularly on missions to Mars, continued surveillance and mitigation of CVD risk is needed to ensure the safety of those who venture into space.

At present, there is no clear understanding of the effect of long-duration spaceflight on the major enzymes that govern the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. To address this gap in knowledge, we used data from the NASA Twins Study, which includes a multiscale omics investigation of the changes that occurred during a year-long (340 days) human spaceflight. Embedded within the NASA Twins data are specific analytes associated with fatty acid metabolism.
To examine the long-chain fatty acid desaturases and elongases in a single human during 1 year in space.
One male twin was on board the International Space Station (ISS) for 1 year, while his monozygotic twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments included the genome, epige-nome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome, and immunome during the mission, as well as 6 months before and after. The gene-specific fatty acid desaturase and elongase transcriptome data (FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL5) were extracted from untargeted RNA-seq measurements derived from white blood cell fractions.
Most data from the elongases and desaturases exhibited relatively similar expression profiles (R2 >0.6) over time for the CD8, CD19, and lymphocyte-depleted (LD) cell fractions, indicating overall conservation of function within and between the subjects. Both cell-type and temporal specificity was observed in some cases, and some differences were also apparent between the polyadenylated (polyA) fraction of processed RNAs versus the ribodepleted (ribo-) fraction. The flight subject showed a stronger enrichment of the fatty acid metabolic process pathway across almost all cell types (columns, CD4, CD8, CPT, and LD), most especially in the ribodepleted fraction of RNA, but also with the polyA+ fraction of RNA. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) measures across three related fatty acid metabolism pathways showed a differential between the ground and the flight subject.
There appears to be no persistent alteration of desaturase and elongase gene expression associated with 1 year in space. However, these data provide evidence that cellular lipid metabolism can be responsive and dynamic to spaceflight, even though it appears cell-type and context specific, most notably in terms of the fraction of RNA measured and the collection protocols. These results also provide new evidence of mid-flight spikes in expression of selected genes, which may indicate transient responses to specific insults during spaceflight.

暂无摘要。

To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.

The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 70-day Bed Rest Study. The integrated complement of investigations and the standardized bed rest environment that served as the platform for this study complement are described. Outcomes of the studies will not be presented here but will be reported in separate publications.
A set of studies running in an integrated fashion along the entire period (pre-, in-, and post-bed rest) and using the same subjects is referred in this article as \"the campaign\" or \"complement.\" NASA selected eight individual studies to participate in the 70-d bed rest campaign. These studies were integrated to increase efficiency in the utilization of resources and to share common measures among the investigations. In addition to the individual studies addressing specific aims, a battery of standardized measures was included. Standard measures target a wide range of physiologic systems and represent some of the testing routinely done on astronauts. Bed rest subjects underwent rigorous medical and psychological screening. Standardized conditions included 70 d of bed rest in a 6° head-down tilt position. Subjects\' vital signs, body weight, and fluid intake and output were measured daily. A standardized diet was provided to ensure consistent nutritional intake across subjects. Exercising subjects were prescribed individualized aerobic and resistance training 6 d·wk performed in a horizontal body position. Subjects in the testosterone supplementation countermeasure group received testosterone enanthate injections at 2-wk intervals during bed rest.
Long-duration head-down tilt bed rest provided a suitable platform for examining physiologic effects of spaceflight and testing countermeasures in a ground-based model. Integrating studies into a complement is an effective way to support multiple investigations while minimizing the number of subjects to answer many research questions.

Highlights from the 16th International Twin Congress, held in Madrid, Spain from November 16-18, 2017, are presented. The Twin Congress, formerly held every three years, now takes place biennially with a single-day meeting organized during the off years. This meeting is the largest gathering of scientific twin researchers, medical personnel, and representatives of multiple birth organizations in the world. This overview is followed by reviews of recent twin research and commentary concerning partner aggression, ABO incompatibility in dizygotic twins, growth discordance in a monoamniotic twin pair and twin implantation. The article closes with summaries of timely topics in the media, namely a father\'s finding of his long-lost twin children, early results from the NASA twin experiment, twin brothers at the center of the October 2017 Las Vegas attack, retired twin airline pilots, and clips from recent films with twin-based themes.

暂无摘要。

Most of the published empirical data on indoor air concentrations resulting from vapor intrusion of contaminants from underlying groundwater are for residential structures. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Research Park site, located in Moffett Field, CA, and comprised of 213 acres, is being planned for redevelopment as a collaborative research and educational campus with associated facilities. Groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the primary environmental medium of concern at the site. Over a 15-month period, approximately 1000 indoor, outdoor ambient, and outdoor ambient background samples were collected from four buildings designated as historical landmarks using Summa canisters and analyzed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TO-15 selective ion mode. Both 24-hr and sequential 8-hr samples were collected. Comparison of daily sampling results relative to daily background results indicates that the measured trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations were primarily due to the subsurface vapor intrusion pathway, although there is likely some contribution due to infiltration of TCE from the outdoor ambient background concentrations. Analysis of the cis-1,2-dichloroethylene concentrations relative to TCE concentrations with respect to indoor air concentrations and the background air support this hypothesis; however, this indicates that relative contributions of the vapor intrusion and infiltration pathways vary with each building. Indoor TCE concentrations were also compared with indoor benzene and background benzene concentrations. These data indicate significant correlation between background benzene concentrations and the concentration of benzene in the indoor air, indicating benzene was present in the indoor air primarily through infiltration of outdoor air into the indoor space. By comparison, measured TCE indoor air concentrations showed a significantly different relationship to background concentrations. Analysis of the results show that indoor air samples can be used to definitively define the source of the TCE present in the indoor air space of large industrial buildings.

The NASA Study of Cataract in Astronauts (NASCA) is a 5-year longitudinal study of the effect of space radiation exposure on the severity/progression of nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular (PSC) lens opacities. Here we report on baseline data that will be used over the course of the longitudinal study. Participants include 171 consenting astronauts who flew at least one mission in space and a comparison group made up of three components: (a) 53 astronauts who had not flown in space, (b) 95 military aircrew personnel, and (c) 99 non-aircrew ground-based comparison subjects. Continuous measures of nuclear, cortical and PSC lens opacities were derived from Nidek EAS 1000 digitized images. Age, demographics, general health, nutritional intake and solar ocular exposure were measured at baseline. Astronauts who flew at least one mission were matched to comparison subjects using propensity scores based on demographic characteristics and medical history stratified by gender and smoking (ever/never). The cross-sectional data for matched subjects were analyzed by fitting customized non-normal regression models to examine the effect of space radiation on each measure of opacity. The variability and median of cortical cataracts were significantly higher for exposed astronauts than for nonexposed astronauts and comparison subjects with similar ages (P=0.015). Galactic cosmic space radiation (GCR) may be linked to increased PSC area (P=0.056) and the number of PSC centers (P=0.095). Within the astronaut group, PSC size was greater in subjects with higher space radiation doses (P=0.016). No association was found between space radiation and nuclear cataracts. Cross-sectional data analysis revealed a small deleterious effect of space radiation for cortical cataracts and possibly for PSC cataracts. These results suggest increased cataract risks at smaller radiation doses than have been reported previously.