{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight.
{Author}: Garrett-Bakelman FE;Darshi M;Green SJ;Gur RC;Lin L;Macias BR;McKenna MJ;Meydan C;Mishra T;Nasrini J;Piening BD;Rizzardi LF;Sharma K;Siamwala JH;Taylor L;Vitaterna MH;Afkarian M;Afshinnekoo E;Ahadi S;Ambati A;Arya M;Bezdan D;Callahan CM;Chen S;Choi AMK;Chlipala GE;Contrepois K;Covington M;Crucian BE;De Vivo I;Dinges DF;Ebert DJ;Feinberg JI;Gandara JA;George KA;Goutsias J;Grills GS;Hargens AR;Heer M;Hillary RP;Hoofnagle AN;Hook VYH;Jenkinson G;Jiang P;Keshavarzian A;Laurie SS;Lee-McMullen B;Lumpkins SB;MacKay M;Maienschein-Cline MG;Melnick AM;Moore TM;Nakahira K;Patel HH;Pietrzyk R;Rao V;Saito R;Salins DN;Schilling JM;Sears DD;Sheridan CK;Stenger MB;Tryggvadottir R;Urban AE;Vaisar T;Van Espen B;Zhang J;Ziegler MG;Zwart SR;Charles JB;Kundrot CE;Scott GBI;Bailey SM;Basner M;Feinberg AP;Lee SMC;Mason CE;Mignot E;Rana BK;Smith SM;Snyder MP;Turek FW;
{Journal}: Science
{Volume}: 364
{Issue}: 6436
{Year}: 04 2019 12
{Factor}: 63.714
{DOI}: 10.1126/science.aau8650
{Abstract}: To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.