%0 Journal Article
%T The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight.
%A Garrett-Bakelman FE
%A Darshi M
%A Green SJ
%A Gur RC
%A Lin L
%A Macias BR
%A McKenna MJ
%A Meydan C
%A Mishra T
%A Nasrini J
%A Piening BD
%A Rizzardi LF
%A Sharma K
%A Siamwala JH
%A Taylor L
%A Vitaterna MH
%A Afkarian M
%A Afshinnekoo E
%A Ahadi S
%A Ambati A
%A Arya M
%A Bezdan D
%A Callahan CM
%A Chen S
%A Choi AMK
%A Chlipala GE
%A Contrepois K
%A Covington M
%A Crucian BE
%A De Vivo I
%A Dinges DF
%A Ebert DJ
%A Feinberg JI
%A Gandara JA
%A George KA
%A Goutsias J
%A Grills GS
%A Hargens AR
%A Heer M
%A Hillary RP
%A Hoofnagle AN
%A Hook VYH
%A Jenkinson G
%A Jiang P
%A Keshavarzian A
%A Laurie SS
%A Lee-McMullen B
%A Lumpkins SB
%A MacKay M
%A Maienschein-Cline MG
%A Melnick AM
%A Moore TM
%A Nakahira K
%A Patel HH
%A Pietrzyk R
%A Rao V
%A Saito R
%A Salins DN
%A Schilling JM
%A Sears DD
%A Sheridan CK
%A Stenger MB
%A Tryggvadottir R
%A Urban AE
%A Vaisar T
%A Van Espen B
%A Zhang J
%A Ziegler MG
%A Zwart SR
%A Charles JB
%A Kundrot CE
%A Scott GBI
%A Bailey SM
%A Basner M
%A Feinberg AP
%A Lee SMC
%A Mason CE
%A Mignot E
%A Rana BK
%A Smith SM
%A Snyder MP
%A Turek FW
%J Science
%V 364
%N 6436
%D 04 2019 12
%M 30975860
%F 63.714
%R 10.1126/science.aau8650
%X To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.