Retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) is a rare intermediate (locally aggressive) vascular tumor that mostly affects the dermis of the trunk and limbs, but has never been reported in the inferior turbinate. A 10-year-old Chinese boy presented with recurrent epistaxis in his left nasal cavity and anemia for more than 2 years. Radiographic and electronic video laryngoscopic images showed an expansile mass in the left inferior turbinate. Endoscopic surgery and electrocautery were performed to resect the tumor beyond the macroscopic border. Histopathologically, the tissues were infiltrated by hyperplastic blood vessels arranged in a retiform pattern, and endothelial cells proliferate significantly in some areas. Immunohistochemistry showed a positive result for CD31, CD34, Fli-1, and ERG. No epistaxis, tumor recurrence, or metastasis was found on reexamination over 18 months after surgery.

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OBJECTIVE: Inferior meatal antrostomy (IMA) is regarded as a safe method, with minimal complications, for managing various lesions in the maxillary sinus. However, in patients with persisting IMA window, resection of the inferior turbinate may result in direct airflow into the antrum, irritating the antral mucosa.
UNASSIGNED: Case report and review of literature.
UNASSIGNED: The present report describes a 29-year-old man who previously underwent unilateral IMA for the excision of a dentigerous cyst. The patient did not report any facial pain following the excision of the cyst. One year later, this patient underwent partial resection of the inferior turbinate for the resolution of nasal stuffiness by another surgeon. Soon after surgery, the patient developed severe facial and ocular pain on the side of the IMA, with the pain being especially aggravated upon inhalation. Endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) revealed a persisting IMA window. The patient\'s severe discomfort was thought to result from direct airflow into the maxillary sinus, as the resected turbinate may have altered normal nasal airflow. A unilateral inferior meatal augmentation procedure (IMAP) with an autologous ear cartilage implant was performed, resulting in complete relief of pain and discomfort.
UNASSIGNED: Although IMA alone is a relatively safe surgical procedure, care should be taken when performing inferior turbinoplasty in patients with persistent IMA opening.

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a relatively rare disease found in patients who have undergone sinonasal surgery, characterized by excessive reduction of the turbinate, causing intranasal turbulence and loss of receptors within the nasal mucosa. Patients diagnosed with the disease usually experience symptoms including dryness of the nose, nasal pain, paradoxical nasal obstruction, and crusts in the nasal cavity. ENS can be treated with conservative care such as nasal irrigation or nasal moisturizers. Accurate efficacy of surgical treatment of ENS is often difficult to predict and is accompanied by operational obstacles and complications. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently gained attention as a regenerative therapy in several medical fields. We present two cases of ENS treated by injection of PRP as a simple and less invasive method, and describe its efficacy with nasal endoscopy and subjective questionnaires.

BACKGROUND: Although syringoma is a common benign tumour of the sudoriferous gland, there is also an extremely rare malignant form known as syringoid eccrine carcinoma (SEC). SEC usually exhibits slow growth with deep invasion and a frequent tendency to relapse. The treatment of choice is radical wide resection, which poses a difficult reconstructive problem, especially when the tumour is located in the centre of the face.
METHODS: In this case, a 70-year-old man was diagnosed with an SEC at the same location as a benign syringoma of the upper lip and nasal base that had undergone primary excision 7 years prior. Primary radical resection was performed with immediate Abbé flap reconstruction. Nevertheless, histology revealed positive margins, and 3 additional re-excisions were needed to achieve clear margins. Four months after the initial resection, the patient had undergone an innovative reconstruction technique including not only the Abbé flap but also a turbinate flap harvested with functional endonasal surgery and a three-stage forehead flap.
CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a suspect malignant transformation of a benign syringoma after 7 years. In addition, from oncoplastic and reconstructive points of view, the bilateral use of the turbinate flap for reconstructing the intranasal lining of the alar base is unusual, and the use of functional endonasal surgery in nasal reconstruction for reducing the risk of damaging the vascular supply of the flap is innovative.

We report a rare case of a lacrimal sac angioleiomyoma. A 56-year-old woman complained of pain in the right medial canthal region over a period of 2 years. There were no complaints of epiphora or ocular infection, and no visible or palpable masses in the medial canthal region. Computed tomography scan revealed a solid tumor of the lacrimal sac expanding to the nasolacrimal duct and protruding under the inferior turbinate. The tumor was removed by external dacryocystectomy combined with endonasal, endoscopic anterior turbinectomy, and nasal mucosal resection. Histological and immunohistological findings were consistent with an angioleiomyoma of the venous type. There was no recurrence of the tumor at the three-year follow-up. Angioleiomyomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of lacrimal sac tumors. The definitive diagnoses rely on histology and immunohistological reactions. The treatment is complete surgical resection.

Many anatomical variations of the middle turbinate (MT), including pneumatized, paradoxically curved, bifurcate, trifurcate, secondary, and accessory, have been described. The most common is pneumatized MT (concha bullosa), but other less common variations may also impact the outcome of clinical management. Anatomical variations of the MT, particularly with a concomitant deviated nasal septum, tend to obstruct the middle meatus leading to disruption of the normal sinus drainage and worsening the symptoms of rhinosinusitis. By recognizing the unique anatomical variant by endoscopy or imaging will help us to improve the management. We report an endoscopic presentation of a rare accessory MT.

An extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a rare neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells without features of multiple myeloma. Most EMPs occur in the head and neck region, especially in the aerodigestive tract. We herein report a case of an EMP arising from the nasal inferior turbinate. The mass was surgically removed, and a short cycle of radiotherapy was performed after the surgery. There was no recurrence of the tumor after 1 year of follow-up. These result may be useful for physicians who encounter similar situations in clinical practice.

Salivary duct carcinoma（SDC） is an uncommon malignant tumor, which occurs rarely in the inferior turbinate. This study present a rare case of a 75-year-old man with right-sided nasal obstruction and rhinorrhagia. The patient elected to have a local excision of the lesion. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed sinonasal SDC. The patient gave up further treatment. SDC characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis, it is a extremely rare but important differential to consider in patients with unilateral nasal mass.

Adenotonsillectomies are one of the most common otolaryngologic surgeries performed to alleviate obstructive sleep-disordered breathing and apnea in children. The pain management following adenotonsillectomy continues to be a challenge for both pediatric anesthesiologists and otolaryngologists due to the mortality that stems from the use of opioid pain medications in children who have an increased baseline risk airway obstruction and apnea that is exacerbated by any exposure to opioids. We present a case utilizing bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve (SZMN) blocks or, more accurately, suprazygomatic infratemporal-pterygopalatine fossa injections to achieve opioid-free perioperative analgesia for pediatric adenotonsillectomy with nasal turbinate reduction.