病原体的种间传播可以在环境中频繁发生。在野生蜜蜂中,主要溢出病例是由与蜜蜂相关的病原体引起的,其殖民地可以充当水库。由于意大利的数据有限,准确评估这种现象对野生蜜蜂种群的影响和意义是一项挑战。在这项研究中,在BeeNet项目中,总共从11个意大利地区采样了3372只蜜蜂,评估主要蜜蜂病原体的患病率和丰度(DWV,BQCV,ABPV,CBPV,KBV,Nosemaceranae,Ascosphaeraapis,mellificae,LotmariaPassim,Cristidiabombi)。68.4%的样品对至少一种病原体呈阳性。DWV,BQCV,ceranae和CBPV表现出最高的患病率和丰度值,确认它们是在环境中传播的最普遍的病原体。对于这些病原体,安德丽娜,炸弹,Eucera和Seladonia的平均患病率和丰度值最高。一般来说,时间趋势显示,从4月到7月,患病率和丰度下降.为了预测野生蜜蜂感染的风险,建立了统计模型。观察到养蜂场密度对病原体发生的影响较小,而气象条件和农业管理对环境中病原体的持久性有更大的影响。野生蜜蜂的社会和生物学特征也有助于定义更高的感染风险。社区,采矿和寡分子蜜蜂。在所有测试的样本中,40.5%与两种或两种以上病原体共感染。在某些情况下,个体同时感染了多达五种不同的病原体。增加有关野生蜜蜂中病原体传播的知识以了解动态至关重要,对传粉者种群的影响和影响。实施保护野生蜜蜂物种的具体计划对于确保野生蜜蜂和人类管理蜜蜂的健康至关重要。
The interspecific transmission of pathogens can occur frequently in the environment. Among wild bees, the main spillover cases are caused by pathogens associated with Apis mellifera, whose colonies can act as reservoirs. Due to the limited availability of data in Italy, it is challenging to accurately assess the impact and implications of this phenomenon on the wild bee populations. In this study, a total of 3372 bees were sampled from 11 Italian regions within the BeeNet project, evaluating the prevalence and the abundance of the major honey bee pathogens (DWV, BQCV, ABPV, CBPV, KBV, Nosema ceranae, Ascosphaera apis, Crithidia mellificae, Lotmaria passim, Crithidia bombi). The 68.4% of samples were positive for at least one pathogen. DWV, BQCV, N. ceranae and CBPV showed the highest prevalence and abundance values, confirming them as the most prevalent pathogens spread in the environment. For these pathogens, Andrena, Bombus, Eucera and Seladonia showed the highest mean prevalence and abundance values. Generally, time trends showed a prevalence and abundance decrease from April to July. In order to predict the risk of infection among wild bees, statistical models were developed. A low influence of apiary density on pathogen occurrence was observed, while meteorological conditions and agricultural management showed a greater impact on pathogen persistence in the environment. Social and biological traits of wild bees also contributed to defining a higher risk of infection for bivoltine, communal, mining and oligolectic bees. Out of all the samples tested, 40.5% were co-infected with two or more pathogens. In some cases, individuals were simultaneously infected with up to five different pathogens. It is essential to increase knowledge about the transmission of pathogens among wild bees to understand dynamics, impact and effects on pollinator populations. Implementing concrete plans for the conservation of wild bee species is important to ensure the health of wild and human-managed bees within a One-Health perspective.