Previous cross-sectional studies suggest that birth weight (BW) is associated with aggression-, social- and attention problems differently in boys and girls. We sought to test if these differences could be confirmed in a longitudinal study. The 1989 Raine Study provided prospectively collected data on perinatal variables and repeated child behaviour checklist assessments from ages 5 to 17. Linear mixed effects models provided crude and adjusted relationships between BW and childhood behaviour at a conservative significance threshold using prenatal maternal covariables in adjusted models. Sensitivity analyses included an age10 teacher assessment. Data on behaviour, BW and sex, was available in 2269 participants. Male sex was associated with increased aggression problems at lower BW compared to females in the crude model (Interaction B: -0.436, 98.3%CI: [-0.844, -0.0253]), but not the adjusted model (Interaction B: -0.310, 98.3%CI: [-0.742, 0.140]). Male sex was associated with increased attention problems at lower BW compared to females in both the crude model (Interaction B: -0.334, 98.3%CI: [-0.530, -0.137]) and the adjusted model (Interaction B: -0.274, 98.3%CI: [-0.507, -0.0432]). Male sex was associated with increased social problems at lower BW compared to females in both the crude model (Interaction B: -0.164, 98.3%CI: [-0.283, -0.0441]) and the adjusted model (Interaction B: -0.148, 98.3%CI: [-0.285, -0.00734]). Using repeated measures from ages 5-17 we were able to show a crude and adjusted male vulnerability to lower BW in the development of attention problems and social problems. We did not find a BW x sex interaction for the development of aggressive behaviour.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the mediating effect of social problems in the effect pathway of emotional dysregulation influencing anxiety/depression emotions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to explore the potential moderating effect of family functionality.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 235 children diagnosed with ADHD were enrolled in the study. The paticipants\' age ranged from 6 to 12. Emotion Regulation Checklist, Achenbach\'s Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Social Problems Subscale, CBCL Anxious/Depressed Subscale, and Family Assessment Device were used to evaluate the emotional regulation, social problems, anxiety/depression emotions, and family functionality of the participants. A moderated mediation model was employed to analyze whether social problems and family functionality mediate and moderate the relationship between emotional regulation and anxiety/depression emotions.
UNASSIGNED: Social problems partially mediated the impact of emotional dysregulation on anxiety/depression emotions in ADHD children, with the direct effect being 0.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.17, 0.36], P<0.001), the indirect effect being 0.13 (95% CI: [0.07, 0.19], P<0.001), and the mediating effect accounting for 33% of the total effect. Family functionality exhibited a positive moderating effect on the relationship between social problems and anxiety/depression emotions.
UNASSIGNED: This study contributes to the understanding of complex factors influencing anxiety/depression in children with ADHD, providing reference for the further development of targeted interventions for children with ADHD and the improvement of prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Homeless shelters have emerged as components of the social services network, playing an important role in providing health care to the homeless population. The aim of this study was to evaluate an individualized physical therapy intervention for people experiencing homelessness and to determine the relationship between self-perceived variables.
METHODS: Pre and post study, setting at the \"Santa y Real Hermandad de Nuestra Señora del Refugio y Piedad\" homeless shelter in Zaragoza, Spain. Participants were people experiencing homelessness with musculoskeletal disorders who attended a physical therapy service at shelter facilities. A physical therapy program was implemented including health education, exercise and manual therapy, electrotherapy, thermotherapy and bandaging. Demographic variables (age and gender), nationality, employment situation, educational level, pain location, number of painful areas, feeling of loneliness (3-Item Loneliness Scale; values from 3 to 9), pain intensity (Numerical Pain Rating Scale [NPRS]; from 0 to 10) and self-perceived health (Clinical Global Impression [CGI]; from 1 to 7).
RESULTS: Sixty-four homeless people (age of 46.4 ± 10.9 years) participated in the study. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 98.4% of subjects, with moderate pain intensities (6.1), and 48.4% presenting with pain at multiple sites. Perceptions of loneliness were low (3.7 ± 2.5) and self-perceived health status was moderately ill (3.5 ± 1.7). Positive significant correlations were identified between pain intensity and self-perceived health. The average number of sessions was 1.5 (± 0.8), with manual therapy (35.6%) followed by health education (23.5%) being the most frequently used techniques. Both pain and self-perceived health improved after treatment, even following a brief intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potentially negative impact of untreated pain on the self-perceived health of homeless individuals with musculoskeletal disorders that should be targeted for consideration. The findings suggest that a paradigm shift in pain management, including a physical therapy service in shelters, is needed to address the rehabilitation demands of these individuals in a real-life context. This study was approved by the Aragon Ethics Committee (PI19/438) and performed according to the Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs (TREND) statement.

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The Chinese government aspires for inclusive education to serve as an exemplary model in addressing educational inequity issues and establishing a responsible global image as a major power. Nevertheless, there has been limited focus on China\'s news media coverage concerning its inclusive education initiatives aimed at international audiences. To bridge this gap, this study employed a corpus-assisted critical discourse analytic approach to examine China\'s self-image in relation to its inclusive education endeavours. Seventy-three English-language news articles from the official channel were retrieved for meticulous line-by-line concordance analysis. The results indicate that out of the 520 co-occurring instances, they can be broadly categorised into four groups: efforts to develop inclusive education (65.4%); consensus on benefits of inclusive education (24.5%); challenges faced by inclusive education (4.8%); and others (5.4%). This study illuminates the effective utilisation of official media in the image construction of inclusive education in China.

BACKGROUND: People experiencing homelessness (PEH) in the United States face substantial challenges related to menstruation, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Limited access to period products, heightened stigma, and gynecological challenges contribute to increased hardships for PEH, highlighting the need for improved services and policies to address period equity and overall well-being for this vulnerable population.
METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with PEH (n = 12) and community healthcare and social service providers (e.g., case managers, shelter directors, community health workers, and nurses, n = 12) in Lafayette, Indiana, a city located between Indianapolis and Chicago in the United States. We used thematic analysis techniques for data analysis.
RESULTS: PEH\'s limited access to products, services, and safe spaces hindered effective menstruation management within restrictive community contexts. Although community healthcare and service providers offered some support, complex interactions with the healthcare system, stigma, and limited access to spaces exacerbated barriers. The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified these difficulties by closing public spaces, worsening economic conditions, and straining service provider resources.
CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight critical organizational and policy gaps in the United States for menstruation management resources and services, emphasizing the need for better integration into health and well-being programs for PEH. These insights will advance reproductive and public health research, shedding light on the disparities faced by PEH in managing menstruation in Indiana and contributing to the national discourse on addressing these barriers. Amid the complex landscape of public health, particularly during and after the pandemic, prioritizing menstrual health remains essential for all individuals\' overall well-being, including those experiencing homelessness.

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While experiencing homelessness with a pet can present unique challenges, it can also provide physical health, mental health, and social benefits. A Photovoice project with adolescents and adults experiencing homelessness with a pet was conducted in Seattle, Washington, USA in 2018-2019 to explore the experience of homelessness with a pet, the impact of the human-animal bond on the health of each, and to drive policy changes to help support people experiencing homelessness (PEH) with pets. Twenty-five people spanning a range of age groups, genders, and living situations were recruited primarily through homeless-services providers, 19 of whom completed the study and created over 900 images. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant to review printed photos. A key theme emerging from the interviews and photos was the importance and strength of the human-animal bond, providing mental and physical health benefits, and motivation for daily activities or making/maintaining positive changes. Challenges related to homelessness with a pet included barriers to access services, housing, and employment. Participants provided policy recommendations to improve support for PEH with pets. Multiple public exhibitions of images from all participants were held, reaching service providers, policy makers, and the general public. Visitor feedback included statements of positive change in attitudes towards PEH with pets among housed individuals. Collectively, the images, stories and themes deepen our understanding of homelessness with pets, leading to increased empathy and potential for policies that benefit the health of PEH and their pets.

OBJECTIVE: Life expectancy and rates of premature death are fundamental markers of health and social equity globally, and measures on which people experiencing homelessness face enormous disparities. However, unlike for other population groups with similar disparities, concerted government action to reduce homeless mortality is rare, partly due to a lack of reliable, timely data. Contemporaneous tracking of homeless deaths is required to render such deaths less invisible and measure trends over time. Drawing on multiple data sources as recommended by the US National Health Care for the Homeless Council\'s seminal Homeless Mortality Data Toolkit, we routinely and contemporaneously capture, verify and report on deaths occurring among people who have experienced homelessness in the Australian city of Perth.
METHODS: Dynamic cohort study.
METHODS: Perth, Western Australia, Australia, between 2016 and 2022, with deaths examined between 2020 and 2022.
METHODS: For this study, the cohort comprised 8753 people who experienced homelessness in Perth, with \'recruitment\' into the cohort governed by engagement with one or more local homelessness services and programmes over the period.
METHODS: Number and median age-at-death statistics.
RESULTS: There were 360 deaths over the 3-year period, which is likely an undercount. The median age at death was 50 years, >3 decades below the current Australian median age at death of 82 years. Aboriginal people accounted for 30% of the deaths.
CONCLUSIONS: The ongoing poor health and premature death of people who have experienced homeless are indictments on our society. Triangulation of multiple data sources is required to identify and monitor deaths among homeless populations. Timely, verified data on homeless mortality are important for galvanising action and accountability, and targets should be set to reduce the observed three-decade life expectancy chasm.