This study, conducted in Germany, examines the role of maternal soothing strategies to explain the association of maternal self-efficacy with infant regulation (crying and sleeping behavior). Questionnaire data of 150 mothers, living in Germany, with mixed ethnic and educational backgrounds were collected when infants were 3 and 7 months old. Two types of maternal soothing strategies were distinguished: close soothing, involving close physical and emotional contact, and distant soothing, involving physical and emotional distancing from the infant. A cross-sectional SEM at 3 months indicated that maternal self-efficacy is associated with reported infant regulation through distant soothing strategies. Low maternal self-efficacy was associated with frequent maternal use of distant soothing, which in turn was related to reported infant regulation problems, that is, non-soothability and greater crying frequency. Frequent use of close soothing was associated with reported infant sleeping behavior, that is, frequent night-time awakenings. A longitudinal SEM further indicated that the effects of close soothing persisted at least until the infants\' age of 7 months. The study showed how low maternal self-efficacy, increased use of distant soothing, and reported early infant regulation problems are intertwined and that, due to their persisting positive effect on infant soothability, close soothing better supports infant development.
Este estudio examina el papel de las estrategias calmantes maternas para explicar la asociación entre auto efectividad materna y la regulación del infante (comportamiento de llanto y de dormir). Información de cuestionario de N = 150 madres de trasfondos étnicos y educativos mixtos se recogió cuando los infantes tenían tres y siete meses de nacidos. Dos tipos de estrategias calmantes maternas se identificaron: estrategia calmante cercana, la cual trata del contacto físico y emocional cercano, y estrategia calmante distante, la cual trata del distanciamiento físico y emocional con el infante. Un estudio de Modelo de Ecuación Estructural (SEM) transversal a los tres meses indicó que la auto efectividad materna se asocia con la reportada regulación del infante a través de estrategias calmantes distantes. La baja auto efectividad materna se asoció con el frecuente uso materno de estrategias calmantes distantes, lo cual a su vez se relacionó con los reportados problemas de regulación del infante, tales como el no calmarse y la mayor frecuencia del llanto. El uso frecuente de estrategias calmante cercanas se asoció con el reportado comportamiento de dormir del infante, tal como el frecuente despertar nocturno. Un estudio de tipo SEM longitudinal indicó más allá que los efectos de las estrategias calmantes cercanas persistían por lo menos hasta que los infantes tenían siete meses de edad. El estudio mostró cómo la baja auto efectividad materna, el uso incrementado de estrategias calmantes distantes, así como los reportados tempranos problemas de regulación del infante están entremezclados y que, debido a su persistente efecto positivo en calmar al infante, las estrategias calmantes cercanas apoyan mejor el desarrollo del infante.
Cette étude examine le rôle des stratégies maternelles d\'apaisement pour expliquer le lien de l\'auto-efficacité maternelle avec la régulation du nourrisson (pleurs et comportement du sommeil). Des données d\'une questionnaire de N = 150 mères issues de milieux ethniques et éducationnels différents ont été recueillies quand les nourrissons avaient trois et sept mois. Deux types de stratégies maternelles d\'apaisement ont été distingués: l\'apaisement proche, avec un contact physique et émotionnel proche, et l\'apaisement distant, avec une distanciation physique et émotionnelle du nourrisson. Une coupe transversale SEM à trois mois a indiqué que l\'auto-efficacité maternelle est liée à la régulation infantile signalée au travers de stratégies d\'apaisement distantes. Une auto-efficacité maternelle faible était liée à l\'utilisation maternelle fréquente de stratégies d\'apaisement, qui à son tour était liée aux problèmes signalés de régulation du nourrisson, comme par exemple le fait de ne pas pouvoir être apaisé ou une fréquence de pleurs plus grande. L\'utilisation fréquente de stratégies d\'apaisement proche était liée au comportement de sommeil du nourrisson signalé, comme par exemple des réveils nocturnes fréquents. Un SEM longitudinal a de surcroit indiqué que les effets de stratégies d\'apaisement proches persistaient au moins jusqu’à l’âge de sept mois des nourrissons. L’étude a montré comment l\'auto-efficacité maternelle faible, une utilisation accrue de stratégies d\'apaisement distant et les problèmes signalés de régulation précoce des nourrissons sont imbriqués et que, du fait de leur effet positif persistant sur l\'apaisement du nourrisson, les stratégies d\'apaisement proches soutiennent mieux le développement du nourrisson.
Diese Studie untersucht die Rolle mütterlicher Beruhigungsstrategien in der Erklärung des Zusammenhangs zwischen mütterlicher Selbstwirksamkeit und Säuglingsregulation (Schreien und Schlafverhalten). Fragebogendaten von N = 150 Müttern mit gemischtem ethnischen und Bildungshintergrund wurden erhoben, als die Säuglinge drei und sieben Monate alt waren. Es wurden zwei Arten von mütterlichen Beruhigungsstrategien unterschieden: enge Beruhigung, die engen körperlichen und emotionalen Kontakt beinhaltet, und distanzierte Beruhigung, die körperliche und emotionale Distanz zum Säugling beinhaltet. Eine Querschnittsuntersuchung im Alter von drei Monaten ergab, dass die mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit mit der berichteten Regulierung des Säuglings durch distanzierte Beruhigungsstrategien assoziiert ist. Eine niedrige mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit wurde mit der häufigen Verwendung von distanzierten Beruhigungsstrategien in Verbindung gebracht, was wiederum mit berichteten Problemen bei der Regulierung des Säuglings, wie z. B. Nicht-Beruhigbarkeit und häufigeres Weinen, zusammenhing. Die häufige Verwendung von engen Beruhigungsstrategien war mit dem berichteten Schlafverhalten des Säuglings assoziiert, wie z. B. häufiges nächtliches Aufwachen. Ein Längsschnitt-SEM zeigte außerdem, dass die Auswirkungen enger Beruhigungsstrategien mindestens bis zu einem Säuglingsalter von sieben Monaten anhielten. Die Studie zeigte, wie eine niedrige mütterliche Selbstwirksamkeit, ein vermehrter Einsatz von distanzierten Beruhigungsstrategien und berichtete frühe kindliche Regulationsprobleme zusammenhängen und dass enge Beruhigungsstrategien aufgrund ihrer anhaltenden positiven Wirkung auf die Beruhigungsfähigkeit von Säuglingen kindliche Entwicklung besser unterstützen.
本研究では、母親のなだめる方略が、母親の自己効力感と乳児の調整(泣く、寝る行動)との関連を説明する上でどのような役割を果たすかを検討した。生後3ヵ月と7か月時に民族的背景や教育的背景の異なる150名の母親を対象に質問紙調査を行った。母親のなだめる方略は、乳児に対して身体的・感情的な接触を伴う近い距離からのなだめる方略と、身体的・感情的に遠い距離からのなだめる方略の2種類に区別された。生後3ヵ月の横断的SEMから、母親の自己効力感が、遠い距離からのなだめる方略による乳児の調節と関連していることが示された。母親の自己効力感の低さは、母親が遠い距離からのなだめる方略を頻繁に用いることと関連しており、そのことは、なだめられない、泣く回数が多いといった、乳児の調節の問題と関連していた。近い距離からのなだめる方略の頻繁な使用は、夜間の頻繁な目覚めなど、乳児の睡眠行動と関連していた。さらに縦断的なSEMから、近い距離からなだめる方略の効果は少なくとも生後7ヵ月まで持続することが示された。本研究は、母親の自己効力感の低さ、遠い距離からのなだめる方略の使用の増加、そして報告された早期からの乳児の調整の問題がどのように絡み合っているかを示した。そして、乳児のなだめやすさに対する持続的で肯定的な効果という点において、近い距離からなだめる方略の方が、乳児の発達をよりよく支援することを示した。.
这项研究旨在探讨母亲安抚策略在解释母亲自我效能与婴儿调节(哭闹和睡眠行为)之间的关联作用。我们收集了150位具有不同族裔和教育背景的母亲的问卷数据, 调查对象为他们的婴儿在三个月和七个月时的情况。我们将母亲的安抚策略分为两类:亲密安抚, 涉及亲密的身体和情感接触;疏离安抚, 涉及与婴儿的身体和情感疏离。在三个月时进行的横断面结构方程模型显示, 母亲的自我效能与所报告的婴儿调节之间藉由疏离安抚策略存在相关性。母亲自我效能感低与频繁使用疏离安抚策略相关, 而这又与所报告的婴儿调节问题相关, 例如无法被安抚和哭闹泣频率增加。频繁使用亲密安抚策略则与所报告的婴儿睡眠行为相关, 例如夜间频繁醒来。纵向结构方程模型进一步表明, 亲密安抚策略的效果至少持续到婴儿七个月大的年龄。这项研究展示了母亲自我效能感低下、增加使用疏离安抚策略以及所报告的早期婴儿调节问题是如何交织在一起的, 同时表明, 由于亲密安抚策略对婴儿的安抚能力具有持续的积极影响, 因此可以更好地支持婴儿的发育。.
تتناول هذه الدراسة دور استراتيجيات تهدئة الأم لتفسير ارتباط الكفاءة الذاتية للأم بتنظيم الرضيع (سلوك البكاء والنوم). تم جمع بيانات الاستبيان لعدد )N = 150( من الأمهات من خلفيات عرقية وتعليمية مختلطة عندما كان عمر الرضع ثلاثة وسبعة أشهر. تم التمييز بين نوعين من استراتيجيات تهدئة الأم: التهدئة عن قرب، والتي تتضمن الاتصال الجسدي والعاطفي الوثيق، والتهدئة عن بعد، والتي تتضمن الابتعاد الجسدي والعاطفي عن الرضيع. أشار تحليل النمذجة الهيكلية عند ثلاثة أشهر إلى أن الكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات ترتبط بتنظيم الرضع المُبلغ عنه من خلال استراتيجيات التهدئة البعيدة. وارتبط انخفاض الكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات باستخدام الأمهات المتكرر لاستراتيجيات التهدئة عن بعد، والتي كانت بدورها مرتبطة بمشاكل تنظيم الرضع المبلغ عنها، مثل عدم القدرة على التهدئة وزيادة تكرار البكاء. وارتبط الاستخدام المتكرر لاستراتيجيات التهدئة الوثيقة بسلوك نوم الرضع المبلغ عنه، مثل الاستيقاظ المتكرر أثناء الليل. وأشار المسح الطولي أيضاً إلى أن تأثيرات استراتيجيات التهدئة القريبة استمرت على الأقل حتى عمر سبعة أشهر. وأظهرت الدراسة كيف أن انخفاض الكفاءة الذاتية للأمهات، وزيادة استخدام استراتيجيات التهدئة عن بعد، ومشاكل تنظيم الرضع المبكرة المبلغ عنها، تتشابك، وأنه بسبب تأثيرها الإيجابي المستمر على تهدئة الرضع، فإن استراتيجيات التهدئة القريبة تدعم نمو الرضع بشكل أفضل.

BACKGROUND: Lack of physical activity is a common issue with detrimental consequences for the health of people with severe mental illness (SMI). Existing physical activity interventions show suboptimal effects as they require substantial cognitive skills, including goal setting and writing, whereas cognitive deficits are common in this population. To bolster the effectiveness of physical activity interventions, self-control training (SCT), in which users practice the ability to override unwanted thoughts and behaviors, can be used in addition. Recent research has demonstrated the initial effectiveness of a mobile SCT app, but this has not been studied in psychiatric clinical practice.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate to what extent adding a mobile SCT app designed for and with people with SMI to a mobile lifestyle intervention aimed at increasing physical activity increases physical activity and self-control levels.
METHODS: A mixed methods approach incorporating 2 single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) and qualitative interviews was used to evaluate and optimize SCT. Overall, 12 participants with SMI will be recruited from 2 organizations offering outpatient and inpatient care to people with SMI. Each experiment will include 6 patients. SCED I is a concurrent multiple-baseline design across participants that explores initial effectiveness and optimal intervention duration. Using accelerometry and experience sampling questionnaires, participants\' physical activity and self-control will be monitored for ≥5 days from baseline, followed by the sequential introduction of Google Fit, the physical activity intervention, for 7 days and the addition of SCIPP: Self-Control Intervention App for 28 days. SCED II is an introduction/withdrawal design in which optimized SCT will be introduced and withdrawn to validate the findings from SCED I. In both experiments, the daily average of total activity counts per hour and the state level of self-control will serve as the primary and secondary outcome measures. Data will be analyzed using visual analysis and piecewise linear regression models.
RESULTS: The study was designated as not subject to the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act by the Medical Research Ethical Committee Oost-Nederland and approved by the Ethics Committee/domain Humanities and Social Sciences of the Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences at the University of Twente. Participant recruitment started in January 2022, and we expect to publish the results in early 2023.
CONCLUSIONS: The mobile SCT app is expected to be feasible and effective. It is self-paced and scalable and can increase patient motivation, making it a suitable intervention for people with SMI. SCED is a relatively novel yet promising method for gaining insights into whether and how mobile apps work that can handle heterogeneous samples and makes it possible to involve a diverse population with SMI without having to include a large number of participants.
UNASSIGNED: PRR1-10.2196/37727.

The present study examined the role of self-esteem stabilization processes in response to restrictive developmental conditions in early adulthood. It did so by investigating accommodative adjustments among incarcerated young adults. It was argued that an adjustment of how an individual desires to be to how they actually perceive themselves (i.e., accommodative adjustment) can help to maintain a more stable self-esteem and buffers negative changes.
Within a longitudinal design with three measurements occasions data of N = 728 incarcerated men between the age of 14 and 24 were analyzed. Accommodative adjustments were assessed at two occasions as adaptations of the ideal self-concept (\"I would like to be…\") to the previous actual self-concept (\"I am…\"). In addition, assimilative adjustments were operationalized as adaptations of the actual self-concept to the previous ideal self-concept that means changing what individuals think of themselves in accordance to how they desire to be.
Regression analysis showed that accommodative adjustments predicted self-esteem. Moreover, accommodative processes were particularly important when assimilative processes were less pronounced.
Especially at the beginning of the incarceration period, accommodative adjustments of the self-concept buffer damaging effects of incarceration and support the (re-)stabilization of self-esteem.

Using e-cigarettes for smoking cessation is a controversial topic among health experts. Evidence suggests that vaping might have been moralized among the general public. Despite the detrimental consequences of moralizing health behaviors on social cohesion and health, some argue for using moralization strategically to prevent and combat vaping. We aim to add to the body of literature showing the dangers of moralization in health by proposing a person-centered approach to the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes. Our cross-sectional survey explores the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes and its predictors on a convenience sample of 348 Romanian never-vapers, before the final vote to severely restrict vaping. By fitting a hierarchical regression model on our data, we found support for a unique contribution of negative prototypes (β = 0.13) and opinions of vapers (β = 0.08) in predicting moralization, with significant contributions of piggybacking on moralized self-control, on moralized attitudes toward smoking and on sanctity/degradation, disgust, anger, harm to children, and gender. Together, these variables explained 56% of the variance of the moralization of anti-vaping attitudes. Our findings add to our knowledge of motivated moralization and advise against using moralization in health, suggesting that people may weaponize it to legitimize group dislike.

Children\'s noncognitive or socioemotional skills (e.g., persistence and self-control) are typically measured using surveys in which either children rate their own skills or adults rate the skills of children. For many purposes-including program evaluation and monitoring school systems-ratings are often collected from multiple perspectives about a single child (e.g., from both the child and an adult). Collecting data from multiple perspectives is costly, and there is limited evidence on the benefits of this approach. Using a longitudinal survey, this study compares children\'s noncognitive skills as reported by themselves, their guardians, and their teachers. Although reports from all three types of respondents are correlated with each other, teacher reports have the highest internal consistency and are the most predictive of children\'s later cognitive outcomes and behavior in school. The teacher reports add predictive power beyond baseline measures of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) for most outcomes in schools. Measures collected from children and guardians add minimal predictive power beyond the teacher reports.

Frames and framing make one dimension of a decision problem particularly salient. In the simplest case, frames prime responses (as in, e.g., the Asian Disease paradigm, where the gain frame primes risk-aversion and the loss frame primes risk-seeking). But in more complicated situations frames can function reflectively, by making salient particular reason-giving aspects of a thing, outcome, or action. For Shakespeare\'s Macbeth, for example, his feudal commitments are salient in one frame, while downplayed in another in favor of his personal ambition.The role of frames in reasoning can give rise to rational framing effects. Macbeth can prefer fulfilling his feudal duty to murdering the king, while also preferring bravely taking the throne to fulfilling his feudal duty, knowing full well that bravely taking the throne just is murdering the king. Such patterns of quasi-cyclical preferences can be correct and appropriate from the normative perspective of how one ought to reason.The paper explores three less dramatic types of rational framing effects: (1) Consciously framing and reframing long-term goals and short-term temptations can be important tools for self-control; (2) In the prototypical social interactions modeled by game theory, allowing for rational framing effects solves longstanding problems, such as the equilibrium selection problem and explaining the appeal of non-equilibrium solutions (e.g., the cooperative solution in the Prisoner\'s Dilemma). (3) Processes for resolving interpersonal conflicts and breaking discursive deadlock, because they involve internalizing multiple and incompatible ways of framing actions and outcomes, in effect create rational framing effects.

Relative vices and virtues have traditionally been defined according to time-inconsistent preferences. Vice products exchange small immediate rewards (e.g., pleasure) for larger delayed costs (e.g., health), while virtue products exchange small immediate costs for larger delayed rewards. This definition can be criticized because there is evidence that small amounts of beer (or chocolate) convey a long-term health benefit, whereas large quantities impose a delayed cost. Thus, we assume that virtue products can become vice products when consumption is above a certain threshold. Survey data identifies alcoholic beer as a product that gives immediate rewards and does not impose a delayed cost. Our analysis reveals a consumption threshold that supports our assumptions.

The trend toward large-scale collaborative studies gives rise to the challenge of combining data from different sources efficiently. Here, we demonstrate how Bayesian evidence synthesis can be used to quantify and compare support for competing hypotheses and to aggregate this support over studies. We applied this method to study the ordering of multi-informant scores on the ASEBA Self Control Scale (ASCS), employing a multi-cohort design with data from four Dutch cohorts. Self-control reports were collected from mothers, fathers, teachers and children themselves. The available set of reporters differed between cohorts, so in each cohort varying components of the overarching hypotheses were evaluated. We found consistent support for the partial hypothesis that parents reported more self-control problems than teachers. Furthermore, the aggregated results indicate most support for the combined hypothesis that children report most problem behaviors, followed by their mothers and fathers, and that teachers report the fewest problems. However, there was considerable inconsistency across cohorts regarding the rank order of children\'s reports. This article illustrates Bayesian evidence synthesis as a method when some of the cohorts only have data to evaluate a partial hypothesis. With Bayesian evidence synthesis, these cohorts can still contribute to the aggregated results.

The proliferation of research production in Psychology as a science has been increasing exponentially. This situation leads to the necessity of organizing the research production into different levels of analysis that make it possible to delimit each research domain. The objective of this analysis is to clearly distinguish the different levels of research: micro-analysis, molecular, and molar. Each level is presented, along with an analysis of its benefits and limitations. Next, this analysis is applied to the topics of Executive Functions, Self-Regulation, and External Regulation. Conclusions, limitations, and implications for future research are offered, with a view toward a better connection of research production across the different levels, and an allusion to ethical considerations.

We conducted this study to determine if the efficiency of the functional analysis could be improved without detrimental effects on control. In Experiment 1, we reanalyzed functional analyses conducted for the problem behavior of 18 children. We analyzed rates of problem behavior during the first 5 min and first 3 min of the original 10-min sessions and evaluated if changes in the level of control over problem behavior by the programmed contingency were evident from the analyses of shorter session duration. In Experiment 2, we conducted 8 consecutive functional analyses with 3-min sessions to further evaluate the utility of brief session durations. We found that control over problem behavior was demonstrated when conducting functional analyses with sessions as brief as 3 min.