An 84-year-old man presented with decreased right-eye visual acuity. Upon initial examination, the rightand left-eye visual acuities were 0.03 and 1.2, respectively; moreover, the right- and left-eye intraocular pressure was 12 mmHg and 13 mmHg, respectively. Examination revealed a shallow anterior chamber of the right eye, anterior chamber inflammation, vitreous opacity, and marked retinochoroidal detachment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed retinal detachment (RD) and choroidal folds; moreover, B-scan ultrasonography (B-scan) showed RD as well as thickened sclera with fluid in Tenon\'s space. Fluorescent fundus angiography revealed hyperfluorescence in the optic disc and vascular hyperpermeability in the right eye. The left eye lacked extra-ocular symptoms or abnormalities. The right ocular axis measured 23.4 mm with no apparent subretinal fluid migration due to positional changes. Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with panuveitis associated with posterior scleritis and immediately started on 40 mg prednisolone, which improved his symptoms. However, at 3 post-treatment months, choroidal folds were observed and was restarted on 20 mg prednisolone. The choroidal folds subsequently disappeared, with a current visual acuity of 0.3 in the right eye and no recurrence. Our findings indicated the utility of accurate diagnosis of posterior scleritis by B-scan and prompt systemic steroid administration.

BACKGROUND: Ocular tuberculosis is a relatively rare extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. This vision-threatening disease is extremely challenging to diagnose, particularly because it can mimic other diseases. We report a case of tuberculous ciliary body granuloma initially diagnosed as bullous retinal detachment.
METHODS: A 52-year-old female presented with bullous retinal detachment in her left eye, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) verified the presence of a lesion with ciliary body granulomatous inflammation. The T-SPOT was positive, and the purified protein derivative (PPD) test was strongly positive (diameter of 20 mm). Following the administration of oral anti-tuberculosis regimen combined with prednisone, the retina gradually became reattached, the ciliary body granuloma became significantly reduced in size, and the visual acuity of the patient noticeably improved.
CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculous ciliary body granulomas can cause bullous exudative retinal detachment and can be diagnosed with UBM. Early and full-course anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) combined with corticosteroid therapy can improve the patient prognosis.

Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE) typically presents as an elevated mass or elevated masses at the limbus and often infiltrates the cornea (episclerokeratitis). In the current report, a granulomatous lesion was observed subretinally in the right eye (OD) of a 5-year-old male castrated American Staffordshire Terrier dog. There was concurrent retinal hemorrhage and detachment OD; the right eye was not visual. Due to poor prognosis for vision and potential for a neoplastic etiology of the mass, staging with higher imaging was recommended but declined by the owner. Therefore, an enucleation was performed. Histopathology of the globe identified a subretinal mass, marked histiocytic and lesser lymphoplasmacytic choroiditis, posterior episcleritis, and optic neuritis with retinal detachment. The subretinal mass was composed of densely packed, large, spindle histiocytes mixed with occasional lymphocytes, plasma cells, and only rare neutrophils. Regions of the mass showed lymphocytes aggregate to form nodules. This histological presentation was a type of proliferative histiocytic disease with similarities to nodular granulomatous episcleritis or granulomatous/necrotizing scleritis. This is a novel presentation of NGE-like progression to subretinal scleral, choroidal, and retinal involvement and provides a new differential possibility for posterior segment masses observed on fundic examination.

BACKGROUND: Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) was first reported in 1971 by Urayama et al as an acute uveitis accompanied by retinal arteritis and white retinal lesions in the peripheral retina that can progress to a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). We have experienced a case of ARN that, unlike the common developmental course to an RRD associated with ARN, progressed to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) involving the entire retina in 2 days. The purpose of this report is to present our findings in the case of ARN with an atypical rapid time course.
METHODS: The patient was a 56-year-old woman who was treated for uveitis of unknown origin by her primary care physician. She was referred to our hospital because of a worsening of the fundus findings.
METHODS: Fundus examination in our hospital revealed vitreous opacities in the right eye, yellowish-white lesions extending around the retina, and some retinal hemorrhages. Because the retinal changes suggested ARN, we performed a polymerase chain reaction of the anterior atrial fluid and detected varicella-zoster virus. Then, the diagnosis of ARN was confirmed, and treatment was begun. At 1 month and a half after beginning the treatment, focal retinal traction was observed in the right fundus. Two days later, a circumferential PVR and a total retinal detachment were detected.
METHODS: We then performed vitrectomy with an encircling buckle and a silicone oil tamponade.
RESULTS: Our examination 6 months postoperatively showed that the retina was attached and the BCVA was 20/200.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings of a case of ARN showed that the progression from a local vitreous traction to a full circumferential PVR can develop in 2 days.

BACKGROUND: Ocular toxocariasis is a rare disease, predominantly affecting children and young adolescents, and usually presenting as unilateral posterior uveitis. We report the case of a child with toxocariasis associated with serous retinal detachment.
METHODS: A 8-year-old child with no previous history of toxocariasis was referred for a 1-year decline in visual acuity, unimproved by optical correction, with vitreous condensation on examination, without central or peripheral granulomas, and serous retinal detachment on OCT. The diagnosis was made after extensive questioning, with evidence of contact with dogs and positive serology. Medical treatment combining corticosteroid therapy and antiparasitic therapy was initiated, and the clinical picture improved.
CONCLUSIONS: Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection, unilateral in 90% of cases. Its clinical manifestation in children is pars planitis, posterior uveitis with a posterior pole chorioretinal focus associated with vitreoretinal traction and/or peripheral granuloma. In our case, the patient presented with vitreous condensation only, with OCT serous retinal detachment and no peripheral or central granulomas. Positive plasma serology or ocular samples confirmed the diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS: Ocular toxocariasis should not be ruled out in the absence of a typical clinical picture, and seropositivity enables confirmation of the diagnosis when clinical suspicion arises.

A 36-year-old male patient presented with a decrease in vision after undergoing scleral suturing for a left eye injury caused by an iron hook, combined with intravitreal injection of cefuroxime. Ocular examination revealed extensive gray-white edematous areas in the macular region, along with focal serous shallow retinal detachment in the posterior pole. Following admission, comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were conducted, leading to the diagnosis of toxic retinal damage in the left eye. Treatment with oral corticosteroids and interventions to improve microcirculation were initiated, resulting in improved visual acuity. At the six-month follow-up, the patient\'s visual acuity had recovered to 0.5.
患者男性，36岁。因左眼被铁钩击伤行左眼巩膜清创缝合联合玻璃体内注入头孢呋辛后视力下降就诊。眼部检查发现黄斑区可见大片状灰白色水肿区，后极部视网膜局限性浆液性浅脱离。入院完善眼科辅助检查，诊断为左眼中毒性视网膜病变。经口服糖皮质激素、改善微循环等治疗，患者视力提高。随访6个月，患者视力恢复至0.5。.

BACKGROUND: A 7-year-old male child was brought by his parents with a complaint of low vision in both eyes for 2 months. The child had low vision in both the eyes for 1.5 years, but the parents noticed when it worsened further 2 months back, leading to profound vision loss. On ophthalmic evaluation, the child did not perceive light in the right eye. Furthermore, anterior segment examination showed complicated cataract and open funnel retinal detachment with intra-retinal cysts in ultrasound (USG) B scan. In the left eye, he could appreciate light but with poor fixation. Fundus evaluation of the left eye showed total retinal detachment on indirect ophthalmoscopy, which was confirmed on USG B scan. Since the right eye had poor visual potential, no intervention was done. The left eye underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade, which led to successful anatomical outcomes. The immediate and late postoperative periods were uneventful, and the child was kept under follow-up and was observed closely.
OBJECTIVE: To educate regarding the surgical management of giant retinal tears in a pediatric patient.
CONCLUSIONS: To inform regarding the surgical challenges faced and steps adopted to manage such cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Through this case, we want to highlight the challenges faced, such as delayed presentation, difficult preoperative evaluation, intraoperative difficulties such as mobile retina, absence of posterior vitreous detachment, and tenacious vitreous gel. We also want to emphasize on the steps taken to overcome the challenges.
CONCLUSIONS: In such challenging situations, effective planning, careful manipulation, and persistence are essential for success.
UNASSIGNED: https://youtu.be/T0Gy6Wj13zI.

BACKGROUND: The bullous variant of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a severe form of chronic CSC. Patients with the bullous variant of CSC have an increased risk of experiencing multiple pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment for the bullous variant of CSC. RPE tear is a possible postoperative complication of PDT for eyes with PEDs. To our knowledge, no cases of giant RPE tears following PDT for the bullous variant of CSC have been reported previously. This case report presents the first instance of a giant RPE tear after half-time PDT for the bullous variant of CSC, accompanied by a series of images depicting the tear development.
METHODS: A 63-year-old male patient presented with rapidly deteriorating vision in his left eye over a 3-month period. He also reported a previous episode of vision loss in his right eye 2 years prior. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was 0.2.
METHODS: The right eye was diagnosed with chronic non-bullous CSC, while the left eye was diagnosed with the bullous variant of CSC with a large PED.
METHODS: Half-time PDT was administered to the left eye.
RESULTS: One month after half-time PDT, a giant RPE tear exceeding 3 clock-hours in size was confirmed in the lower temporal quadrant of the left eye. Three months after the initial half-time PDT, a second half-time PDT was performed owing to recurrent retinal detachment. Two months after the second half-time PDT, the retinal detachment resolved, and BCVA improved to 0.4, 6 months after the second half-time PDT.
CONCLUSIONS: In cases where the bullous variant of CSC is complicated by extensive PED, clinicians should consider the potential development of a giant RPE tear as a treatment complication.

BACKGROUND: Kidney and eye diseases may be closely linked. Tears of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been reported to be related to kidney diseases, such as IgA nephropathy and light-chain deposition disease. However, pigment epithelium tears associated with membranous nephropathy have not been reported or systematically analysed.
METHODS: A 68-year-old man presented with decreased right eye visual acuity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed cystic macular edema, localized serous detachment of the retina and loss of the outer retinal structure in the right eye and retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) combined with serous detachment of the retina in the left eye. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) revealed giant RPE tears in the right eye and exudative age-related macular degeneration in the left eye. The patient also suffered from severe membranous nephropathy-autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Renal biopsy immunofluorescence revealed a roughly granular pattern, with immunoglobulin G (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, complement C3(Components 3), λ light chain and κ light chain subepithelial staining.
CONCLUSIONS: It is hypothesized that severe membranous nephropathy caused immune complex deposition on the surface of Bruch membrane, resulting in weakened adhesion between the RPE and Bruch membrane and impaired RPE pump function, combined with age-related macular degeneration, leading to giant RPE tears in the right eye. Close attention should be given to the ocular condition of patients with membranous nephropathy to facilitate timely treatment and avoid serious consequences.

UNASSIGNED: Retinal folds (RFs) may develop following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair, though it consists an uncommon complication.
UNASSIGNED: Herein, we present a case of late-onset postoperative outer RFs with aggravating characteristics following vitrectomy with silicone oil (SO) tamponade for RRD repair; early clinical findings, complications, anatomical and functional status during a 12-month follow-up period are described. Retinal imaging by acquiring optical coherence tomography scans and angiograms indicates detailed morphological and angiographic characteristics of the evolution of RFs over time. Our case provides insight into a combination of various types of RFs along with retinal disorganization with appearance in the late postoperative period after RRD repair with SO tamponade.
UNASSIGNED: Our aim was to raise awareness of the pathological processes that may be associated with the development and evolution of RFs after successful RRD repair, indicating that it is critical to accurately diagnose the type of RFs and closely monitor their progression in an attempt to provide prognostication for future visual outcomes.