睡眠是一种复杂的生理状态,可分为非快速眼动(NREM)阶段和REM阶段。两者都有一些独特的特点和功能。这种差异在脑电图记录中最明显,呼吸系统活动,唤醒,自主神经系统活动,或新陈代谢。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)是一种常见病,其特征是上呼吸道阻塞导致睡眠期间呼吸暂停的反复发作。这种常见病具有多因素的伦理病理学(例如,解剖学倾向,性别,肥胖,和年龄)。在这种异质性综合症中,可以识别一些具有相似临床特征的独特表型,其中之一是REM睡眠占主导地位的OSA(REM-OSA)。这篇综述的目的是描述REM-OSA表型的病理机制,其具体的临床表现,及其后果。现有数据表明,在这组患者中,特定心血管和代谢并发症的严重程度增加.由于REM睡眠期间呼吸暂停和呼吸不足的影响,患者更容易出现高血压或葡萄糖代谢障碍.此外,由于REM睡眠的特定功能,在REM-OSA中主要是碎片化的,这一组表现为神经认知能力下降,反映在记忆力下降,和情绪变化,包括抑郁症。REM-OSA的临床诊断和治疗可以缓解这些结果,超越传统的治疗方法,专注于更个性化的方法,例如使用更长的持续气道正压通气治疗或口腔矫治器使用。
Sleep is a complex physiological state, which can be divided into the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) phase and the
REM phase. Both have some unique features and functions. This difference is best visible in electroencephalography recordings, respiratory system activity, arousals, autonomic nervous system activity, or metabolism. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition characterized by recurrent episodes of pauses in breathing during sleep caused by blockage of the upper airways. This common condition has multifactorial ethiopathogenesis (e.g., anatomical predisposition, sex, obesity, and age). Within this heterogenous syndrome, some distinctive phenotypes sharing similar clinical features can be recognized, one of them being
REM sleep predominant OSA (
REM-OSA). The aim of this
review was to describe the pathomechanism of
REM-OSA phenotype, its specific clinical presentation, and its consequences. Available data suggest that in this group of patients, the severity of specific cardiovascular and metabolic complications is increased. Due to the impact of apneas and hypopneas predominance during REM sleep, patients are more prone to develop hypertension or glucose metabolism impairment. Additionally, due to the specific function of
REM sleep, which is predominantly fragmented in the
REM-OSA, this group presents with decreased neurocognitive performance, reflected in memory deterioration, and mood changes including depression. REM-OSA clinical diagnosis and treatment can alleviate these outcomes, surpassing the traditional treatment and focusing on a more personalized approach, such as using longer therapy of continuous positive airway pressure or oral appliance use.