饮用水中的重金属(loid)(HM)和消毒副产物(DBPs)对人体健康构成风险,并危害饮用水。水相关行为在不同年龄段和地区之间存在显着差异。在这项研究中,HMs的致癌和非致癌风险(As,Cd,Cr6+,Cu,Pb,和Zn)和DBPs(溴二氯甲烷(BDCM),溴仿,氯仿,二溴氯甲烷(DBCM),二氯乙酸(DCAA),通过多种暴露途径评估了两个中国大城市(华北的北京和华南的广州)饮用水中的三氯乙酸(TCAA))。结果显示,9个月至2岁儿童的总致癌风险(TCR)和危害指数(HI)高于可接受水平,表明尽管选定的特大城市的饮用水水质符合现行的中国国家标准(GB5749-2022),不应忽视当地幼儿在饮用水中暴露于HMs和DBP的健康风险。具体来说,<18岁儿童在饮用水中暴露于As的致癌风险(CR),他们被分成不同的年龄组,比北京和广州的DBP暴露的TCR高1.5-2.0-和4.5-5.9-倍,分别。关于9个月至2岁的儿童,TCAA暴露占北京饮用水中DBP接触TCR的比例最大(35.6%),比广州高5.4倍;然而,广州饮用水中DBP暴露的TCR主要是由氯仿暴露引起的,占TCR的40.6%,是北京的1.5倍。此外,两个特大城市饮用水中DCAA暴露的CR占9个月至2岁儿童TCR的很大比例。蒙特卡罗模拟表明,饮用水中同时暴露于As和DBPs的TCR的62.2%和42.6%超过了敏感人群的可接受水平,也就是说,北京1-2岁儿童(第95百分位数=4.2×10-4)和广州9-12个月儿童(第95百分位数=5.2×10-4),分别。这种精心的健康风险评估为改善水质指标以保证中国的饮用水安全提供了启示。
Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water pose risks to human health and jeopardize drinking water. Water-related behaviors vary significantly among different age groups and regions. In this
study, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of HMs (As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and DBPs (bromodichloromethane (BDCM), bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane (DBCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)) in drinking water in two Chinese megacities (Beijing in North China and Guangzhou in South China) via multiple exposure pathways were assessed. The results showed that children aged 9 months to 2 years had a total carcinogenic risk (TCR) and hazard index (HI) above acceptable levels, indicating that despite the drinking water quality in the selected megacities meeting the current Chinese national standards (GB 5749-2022), the health risks of exposure to HMs and DBPs in drinking water for local young children should not be neglected. Specifically, the carcinogenic risk (CR) of exposure to As in drinking water for children < 18-years-old, who were divided into different age groups, was 1.5-2.0- and 4.5-5.9-times higher than the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Beijing and Guangzhou, respectively. Regarding children aged 9 months to 2 years, the exposure to TCAA accounted for the largest proportion (35.6 %) of the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Beijing drinking water, 5.4-times higher than that in Guangzhou; whereas, the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Guangzhou drinking water was predominantly caused by exposure to chloroform, accounting for 40.6 % of the TCR and 1.5-times higher than that in Beijing. In addition, the CR of exposure to DCAA in drinking water in both megacities accounted for a large proportion of the TCR for children aged 9 months to 2 years. Monte Carlo simulations showed that 62.2 % and 42.6 % of the TCR of simultaneous exposure to As and DBPs in drinking water exceeded the acceptable level for sensitive populations, that is, children aged 1-2 years in Beijing (95th percentile = 4.2 × 10-4) and children aged 9-12 months in Guangzhou (95th percentile = 5.2 × 10-4), respectively. This elaborate health risk assessment sheds light on improving the water quality indices to guarantee drinking water safety in China.