Adenomyosis (AM) is a common gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the uterine myometrium. It is associated with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), dysmenorrhea, and infertility. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate AM, the exact cause and development of the condition remain unclear. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of macrophage polarization in the microenvironment, which plays a crucial role in AM initiation and progression. However, a comprehensive review regarding the role and regulatory mechanism of macrophage polarization in AM is currently lacking. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the phenotype and function of macrophage polarization and the phenomenon of the polarization of adenomyosis-associated macrophages (AAMs). It also elaborates on the role and regulatory mechanism of AAM polarization in invasion/migration, fibrosis, angiogenesis, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying molecular mechanisms of AAM polarization and suggests future research directions. In conclusion, this review provides a new perspective on understanding the pathogenesis of AM and provides a theoretical foundation for developing targeted drugs through the regulation of AAM polarization.

In South Korea, the polarization of wealth is very serious, and its pace is faster than in other countries. Recently, investments in instruments such as stocks, bitcoins and in real estate are seen as decisive factors that intensify the polarization of wealth in South Korea. The motivation for this study is to analyze effects of investment on polarization of wealth. We carried out a study focused on the impact of investments on the polarization of wealth. In this study, we analyzed the effect of investment on the polarization of wealth. We studied the effect of real estate, stocks, and bitcoin on the polarization of wealth. We conducted multiple regression analysis on the income quintile share ratio, real estate, stocks, and bitcoins and then carry out multiple regression analysis with interest rates, household debt, incomes, and price indices. In order to analyze the investment impact on the polarization of wealth, the public data (2015-2020) from the government and institutions were utilized. Results showed that real estate, stocks, and bitcoins set as investment instruments in this study did not have a significant impact on the polarization of wealth. It is because the popularity of investments in real estates, stocks, and bitcoins in South Korea began in earnest from 2020, and has actually accelerated the polarization of wealth. This study has the theoretical contribution because the impact of investments on the polarization of wealth is analyzed, and policies for economic stability are discussed and presented. In addition, a new academic contribution of this study is to analyze the investment and polarization of wealth at the same time.

The incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) is rising in tandem with the global aging population. There is an urgent need to delve deeper into the pathological mechanisms and develop new neuroprotective strategies. In the present review, we discuss the latest advancements and research on various nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) for targeting microglial polarization in IS treatment. Furthermore, we critically discuss the different strategies. NDDSs have demonstrated exceptional qualities to effectively permeate the blood-brain barrier, aggregate at the site of ischemic injury, and target specific cell types within the brain when appropriately modified. Consequently, NDDSs have considerable potential for reshaping the polarization phenotype of microglia and could be a prospective therapeutic strategy for IS. The treatment of IS remains a challenge. However, this review provides a new perspective on neuro-nanomedicine for IS therapies centered on microglial polarization, thereby inspiring new research ideas and directions.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed mainly of tumor cells, mesenchymal cells and immune cells. Macrophages, also known as tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs), among innate immune cells, are some of the most abundant components of the TME. They may influence tumor growth and metastasis through interactions with other cell populations in the TME and have been associated with poor prognosis in a variety of tumors. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of TAMs in the TME may provide new insight into tumor therapy. In the present review, the origin and classification of TAMs in the TME were outlined and their polarization and dual effects on tumor cells, as well as emerging strategies for cancer therapies targeting TAMs, were discussed.

Interculturally, corrosion has been counted as one of the most expensive factors toward the retrogression of concrete and metallic structures resulting in huge monetary losses and unanticipated loss of life. To a large extent, corrosion-related catastrophes can be avoided by having the ability to monitor corrosion before structural integrity is jeopardized. This paper critically reviews the various accustomed electrochemical techniques utilized for corrosion monitoring in terms of their definition, timeline, experimental set-up, advantages, and shortcomings. Additionally, literature exploiting these techniques as their corrosion detection technique has been focused on here. Furthermore, a comparison between recently reported methods has been made to provide better insights into the research progress in this arena.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are significant immunocytes infiltrating the tumor microenvironment(TME). Recent research has shown that TAMs exhibit diversity in terms of their phenotype, function, time, and spatial distribution, which allows for further classification of TAM subtypes. The metabolic efficiency of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) varies among TAM subtypes. FAO is closely linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a role in processes such as oxidative stress. Current evidence demonstrates that FAO and ROS can influence TAMs\' recruitment, polarization, and phagocytosis ability either individually or in combination, thereby impacting tumor progression. But the specific mechanisms associated with these relationships still require further investigation. We will review the current status of research on the relationship between TAMs and tumor development from three aspects: ROS and TAMs, FAO and TAMs, and the interconnectedness of FAO, ROS, and TAMs.

Micro-LED display technology has been considered a promising candidate for near-eye display applications owing to its superior performance, such as having high brightness, high resolution, and high contrast. However, the realization of polarized and high-efficiency light extraction from Micro-LED arrays is still a significant problem to be addressed. Recently, by exploiting the capability of metasurfaces in wavefront modulation, researchers have achieved many excellent results by integrating metasurface structures with Micro-LEDs, including improving the light extraction efficiency, controlling the emission angle to achieve directional emission, and obtaining polarized Micro-LEDs. In this paper, recent progressions on Micro-LEDs integrated with metasurface structures are reviewed in the above three aspects, and the similar applications of metasurface structures in organic LEDs, quantum dot LEDs, and perovskite LEDs are also summarized.

Under conditions of oxygen sufficiency, tumor cells supply themselves with energy through glycolysis, which is one of the causes of their rapid proliferation, metastasis and acquisition of drug resistance. Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are transformed from peripheral blood monocytes and are among the immune‑related cells that constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Altered glycolysis levels in TAMs have an important impact on their polarization and function. The cytokines secreted by TAMs, and phagocytosis in different polarization states, affect tumorigenesis and development. Furthermore, changes in glycolysis activity of tumor cells and other immune‑related cells in the TME also affect the polarization and function of TAMs. Studies on the relationship between glycolysis and TAMs have received increasing attention. The present study summarized the link between glycolysis of TAMs and their polarization and function, as well as the interaction between changes in glycolysis of tumor cells and other immune‑associated cells in the TME and TAMs. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of glycolysis on the polarization and function of TAMs.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease involving the whole joint that seriously reduces the living standards of individuals. Traditional treatments include physical therapy, administration of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and injection of glucocorticoids or hyaluronic acid into the joints. However, these methods have limited efficacy and it is difficult to reverse the progression of OA, therefore it is urgent to find new effective treatment methods. Immune microenvironment is significant in the occurrence and development of OA. Recent studies have shown that macrophages are important targets for the treatment of OA. Macrophages are polarized into M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype and M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype under stimulation of different factors, which release and regulate inflammatory response and cartilage growth. Accumulating studies have tried to alleviate OA by regulating macrophage homeostasis. The present study summarized the related studies, discuss the mechanism of various therapeutic reagents on OA, expound the molecular mechanism of drug effect on OA and attempted to provide clues for the treatment of OA.

Polymer dielectrics are key components for electrostatic capacitors in energy, transportation, military, and aerospace fields, where their operation temperature can be boosted beyond 125 °C. While most polymers bear poor thermal stability and severe dielectric loss at elevated temperatures, numerous linear polymers with linear D-E loops and low dielectric permittivity exhibit low loss and high thermal stability. Therefore, the broad prospect of electrostatic capacitors under extreme conditions is anticipated for linear polymers, along with intensive efforts to enhance their energy density with high efficiency in recent years. In this article, an overview of recent progress in linear polymers and their composites for high-energy-density electrostatic capacitors at elevated temperatures is presented. Three key factors determining energy storage performance, including polarization, breakdown strength, and thermal stability, and their couplings are discussed. Strategies including chain modulation, filler selection, and design of topological structure are summarized. Key parameters for electrical and thermal evaluations of polymer dielectrics are also introduced. At the end of this review, research challenges and future opportunities for better performance and industrialization of dielectrics based on linear polymers are concluded.