Although the arrival of new chemotherapy drugs and combinations has brought progress in terms of cancer patient survival, they entail many adverse effects that can compromise treatment, and hence prognosis, of the disease. Cytostatic agents can cause dermatological toxicity, among other side effects. The most familiar adverse effect of chemotherapy is alopecia. Although not serious, this changes the outward appearance of cancer patients. Other adverse effects include hypersensitivity and photosensitivity reactions, hand-foot syndrome, epidermal necrolysis, recall reactions, scleroderma-like reactions, Raynaud\'s phenomenon, eccrine squamous syringometaplasia, neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis, nail abnormalities, pigmentation changes and extravasation injuries. Onset of these adverse effects often causes dose reduction and/or delayed treatment, which can affect patient survival and quality of life. It is therefore important to prevent their occurrence and treat them promptly, which requires cooperation between medical oncologists and dermatologists. This article reviews chemotherapy-associated dermatological toxicity, along with its diagnosis and therapeutic management.

Cutaneous mosaicism is an area of dermatology in which there has been an explosion of knowledge within the current decade. This has led to fundamental changes in the understanding of the conditions in this field, and to an ongoing paradigm shift in the approach to management of mosaic skin disorders.
To lay out the general principles of mosaicism as they are currently understood, summarize the known cutaneous mosaic abnormalities of the skin with associated phenotypic and genotypic information, review the latest trials on targeted therapies and propose guidelines for the general approach to a patient with suspected mosaicism.
This was a consensus expert review as part of the European Reference Network project (ERN-Skin).
This study provides clinicians with a practical approach to the patient with suspected mosaicism, redefines mosaicism for the modern genetic era, and proposes a new classification system based on genetic mechanism. What\'s already known about this topic? Cutaneous mosaicism is a complex field of dermatology that encompasses most birthmarks, and many rare syndromes. Some cutaneous patterns are known to be seen in mosaicism. Very few treatment options are available for most mosaic abnormalities of the skin. Recent high-sensitivity genetic techniques have led to an explosion of knowledge about genotype and phenotype in the literature. What does this study add? Expert consensus from the European Reference Network project. Review of knowledge of confirmed mosaic abnormalities of the skin, including cutaneous phenotype, extracutaneous associated features and genotype. Proposed new classification of mosaic abnormalities of the skin by genetic mechanism and therefore inheritance potential. Practical tips on correct sample collection and genetic investigation. Review of trials of targeted therapies. Guidelines for a practical clinical approach to the patient with suspected mosaicism.

OBJECTIVE: Various cosmetics, medicines, and light and laser treatments have been increasingly developed to improve pigmentary skin alterations such as melasma, actinic lentigo and dyschromia. To determine the efficacy of these modalities in view of the changes in pigmentation, an objective and reliable device that has a comparable performance to that of physicians is required. We developed a novel photography-based skin pigmentation evaluation system and validated its accuracy and reliability with a newly proposed method.
METHODS: A novel photography-based system was developed that integrates a consistent photography setting and image processing diagnostic algorithms. To automatically detect areas of pigmentation, the diagnostic algorithms were applied to photographs, which were obtained from 31 female patients. To validate its performance in comparison with the physicians\' evaluation, five dermatologists independently evaluated the area of pigmentation. The clinical consensus area of pigmentation (CCAP) was calculated based on the consensus of five dermatologists\' to exclude subjectivity or bias, and it was compared with the pigmentation area determined by the system.
RESULTS: Forty-four photographs with pigmented areas were evaluated by the system and the physicians. In contrast to the individual physician assessments, CCAP reduced the error that occurred due to subjectivity and bias, particularly for areas with indistinct pigmentation, and it was set as the gold standard. The results from the system showed a mean accuracy of 92.1% and a standard deviation of 4.6% in comparison with CCAP.
CONCLUSIONS: This pigmentation evaluation system can reproduce the physicians\' consensus, suggesting that this system can support the dermatologists\' objective evaluation of pigmentation.

This statement, focused on melanonychia and nail plate dermoscopy, is intended to guide medical professionals working with melanonychia and to assist choosing appropriate management for melanonychia patients. The International Study Group on Melanonychia was founded in 2007 and currently has 30 members, including nail experts and dermatopathologists with special expertise in nails. The need for common definitions of nail plate dermoscopy was addressed during the Second Meeting of this Group held in February 2008. Prior to this meeting and to date (2010) there have been no evidence-based guidelines on the use of dermoscopy in the management of nail pigmentation.

The age of appearance and diagnostic value of the major defining features of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF-1) have been studied in 168 cases from 73 families. In assessing children of an affected patient, those who have inherited the gene can be distinguished from their normal sibs on the basis of whether or not café au lait (CAL) spots are present by the age of five years. Lisch nodules appear before cutaneous neurofibromas and are a useful clinical aid in the assessment of unusual cases, those in whom the diagnosis is equivocal, and children with multiple CAL spots but no family history of NF-1. Sixty-nine of the families were identified through a population based study in south east Wales and the frequency of complications in 135 affected subjects from these families has been used to develop figures for genetic counselling. For these purposes, the complications of NF-1 can be usefully divided into four categories: intellectual handicap (33%) (moderate/severe retardation 3.2%, minimal retardation/learning difficulties 29.8%); complications developing in childhood and causing lifelong morbidity (8.5%); \'treatable\' complications which can develop at any age (15.7%); and malignant or CNS tumours (4.4 to 5.2%).