BACKGROUND: Sinonasal neoplasms, whether benign and malignant, pose a significant challenge to clinicians and represent a model area for multidisciplinary collaboration in order to optimize patient care. The International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Sinonasal Tumors (ICSNT) aims to summarize the best available evidence and presents 48 thematic and histopathology-based topics spanning the field.
METHODS: In accordance with prior International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology documents, ICSNT assigned each topic as an Evidence-Based Review with Recommendations, Evidence-Based Review, and Literature Review based on the level of evidence. An international group of multidisciplinary author teams were assembled for the topic reviews using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses format, and completed sections underwent a thorough and iterative consensus-building process. The final document underwent rigorous synthesis and review prior to publication.
RESULTS: The ICSNT document consists of four major sections: general principles, benign neoplasms and lesions, malignant neoplasms, and quality of life and surveillance. It covers 48 conceptual and/or histopathology-based topics relevant to sinonasal neoplasms and masses. Topics with a high level of evidence provided specific recommendations, while other areas summarized the current state of evidence. A final section highlights research opportunities and future directions, contributing to advancing knowledge and community intervention.
CONCLUSIONS: As an embodiment of the multidisciplinary and collaborative model of care in sinonasal neoplasms and masses, ICSNT was designed as a comprehensive, international, and multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor. Its primary objective is to summarize the existing evidence in the field of sinonasal neoplasms and masses.

Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) is an aggressive disease that requires prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment given its rapid progression. However, there is currently no consensus on diagnosis, prognosis, and management strategies for AIFS, with multiple modalities routinely employed. The purpose of this multi-institutional and multidisciplinary evidence-based review with recommendations (EBRR) is to thoroughly review the literature on AIFS, summarize the existing evidence, and provide recommendations on the management of AIFS.
The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were systematically reviewed from inception through January 2022. Studies evaluating management for orbital, non-sinonasal head and neck, and intracranial manifestations of AIFS were included. An iterative review process was utilized in accordance with EBRR guidelines. Levels of evidence and recommendations on management principles for AIFS were generated.
A review and evaluation of published literature was performed on 12 topics surrounding AIFS (signs and symptoms, laboratory and microbiology diagnostics, endoscopy, imaging, pathology, surgery, medical therapy, management of extrasinus extension, reversing immunosuppression, and outcomes and survival). The aggregate quality of evidence was varied across reviewed domains.
Based on the currently available evidence, judicious utilization of a combination of history and physical examination, laboratory and histopathologic techniques, and endoscopy provide the cornerstone for accurate diagnosis of AIFS. In addition, AIFS is optimally managed by a multidisciplinary team via a combination of surgery (including resection whenever possible), antifungal therapy, and correcting sources of immunosuppression. Higher quality (i.e., prospective) studies are needed to better define the roles of each modality and determine diagnosis and treatment algorithms.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an orbital disease closely related to thyroid diseases. TAO has a prolonged course and possibility of blindness and disability. Its diagnosis and treatment can be complex with multiple disciplines involved. To improve the standardized diagnosis and treatment of TAO in China, the Oculoplastic and Orbital Disease Group of Chinese Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association and the Thyroid Group of Chinese Society of Endocrinology of Chinese Medical Association have jointly drawn up this first clinical guideline in China for TAO by complying with the principles, methods and steps of guideline formation. In this guideline, there are 24 recommendations for the major clinical problems in the diagnosis and treatment of TAO, including the clinical diagnostic criteria, disease staging and grading methods, novel treatment based on the pathogenesis, multi-disciplinary treatment, risk factor control, individualized selection of treatment such as drugs, radiation and surgery, therapeutic efficacy evaluation and critical illness management. This guideline provides instructions for clinicians to carry out relevant clinical and research work.
甲状腺相关眼病（TAO）是一种与甲状腺疾病密切相关的眼眶疾病，病程迁延，可致盲、致残，诊疗过程复杂并涉及多个学科。为提高我国TAO的规范化诊疗水平，中华医学会眼科学分会眼整形眼眶病学组联合中华医学会内分泌学分会甲状腺学组，按照临床诊疗指南制订的指导原则、方法和步骤，针对TAO诊疗中的主要临床问题提出24条推荐意见，主要涉及TAO临床诊断标准，疾病分期、分级方法，基于TAO发病机制的新型治疗方法，TAO的多学科联合管理，危险因素控制，药物、放射、手术等治疗方案的个体化选择以及疗效评估和危重症处理，形成我国首部与TAO诊疗相关的临床指南，以指导临床开展工作。.

In addition to mechanical injury and secondary infection, long-term retention of orbital foreign bodies can cause inflammation, foreign body granuloma and fistula formation, affecting the appearance and visual function of patients. Trans-orbital craniocerebral foreign bodies can cause severe complications such as craniocerebral injury and intracranial infection. The Oculoplastic and Orbital Disease Group of Chinese Ophthalmological Society of Chinese Medical Association has formed the expert consensus on tissue injury, imaging examinations, diagnosis and treatment of orbital foreign bodies, hoping to provide the reference for clinical work and to standardize and improve the diagnosis and treatment of intraorbital foreign bodies. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 743-748).
眼眶异物除造成眼部机械性损伤和继发性感染外，长期滞留还可导致炎性反应、异物肉芽肿和瘘管形成，影响患者外观和视觉功能，眶颅沟通异物可造成颅脑损伤和颅内感染等严重并发症。中华医学会眼科学分会眼整形眼眶病学组针对眼眶异物造成的组织损伤、影像学检查、诊断和治疗形成专家共识意见，希望以此为临床相关工作提供参考，规范临床眼眶异物的诊疗工作，提高诊疗水平。（中华眼科杂志，2021，57：743-748）.

Orbital disorders may present with change in form or function or may be discovered incidentally during clinical or imaging evaluations. A standardized orbital clinical examination, with appropriate ancillary tests, is helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis and in the development of plans for management, with an eye toward minimizing the morbidity of the disease or its treatment. Evaluation and management may best be performed with a multidisciplinary team, which has become more common in skull base surgery.

Orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is characterised by limited surgical exposure and high risks. Before the advent of digital technology, the design and implementation of the surgical scheme for orbital floor reconstruction surgery mainly depended on the intuitive understanding of imaging and the clinical experience of surgeons, with strong unpredictability and experience dependence. Surgical navigation systems with real-time positioning and imaging functions, when used in orbital reconstruction surgery, can detect the real-time intraoperative position, avoid risks, and assist in locating the reconstruction position to ensure the accuracy of orbital reconstruction, with the help of a preoperative surgical plan. Many studies have confirmed its effect. Unilateral orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is one of the earliest and most widely used surgical techniques in maxillofacial surgery. Experts from the Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated this expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral orbital fracture and orbital floor reconstruction techniques to standardise the clinical surgical procedures and promote its application.

Orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is characterized by limited surgical exposure and high risks. Before the advent of digital technology, the design and implementation of the surgical scheme of orbital floor reconstruction surgery mainly depended on the intuitive understanding of imaging and the clinical experience of the surgeons, with strong unpredictability and experience dependence.Surgical navigation systems with real-time positioning and imaging functions, when used in orbital reconstruction surgery, can detect the real-time intraoperative position, avoid risks, and assist locating the reconstruction position to ensure the accuracy of orbital reconstruction, with the help of a preoperative surgical plan. Many studies have confirmed its effect. Unilateral orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction surgery is one of the earliest and most widely used surgical techniques in maxillofacial surgery. Experts from the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Committee of the Chinese Stomatological Association have fully discussed and formulated this expert consensus on navigation-guided unilateral orbital fractures and orbital floor reconstruction techniques, to standardize the clinical surgical procedures and promote its application.
眼眶骨折重建手术术区视野暴露有限，手术风险较高。在数字化技术出现之前，眶壁重建的手术方案设计与实施主要依赖影像学直观理解和术者的临床经验，有很强的不可预见性和经验依赖性。大量文献报告证实，外科手术导航具备实时定位及显像功能，应用于眼眶重建手术中，既可以实时探测手术位置，规避风险，又可以在术前手术计划的帮助下，辅助定位重建位置，确保眼眶重建的精确度。单侧眼眶骨折眼眶重建手术也是颌面部手术中导航技术应用最早、最广泛的术式之一。中华口腔医学会口腔颌面外科专业委员会组织专家经过充分讨论，制定导航引导单侧眼眶骨折重建术技术流程及操作的专家共识，以规范该技术的临床操作流程，促进其推广应用。.

OBJECTIVE: Orbital infections are regularly encountered and are managed by various healthcare disciplines. Sepsis of the orbit and adjacent tissues can be associated with considerable acute complication and long-term sequelae. Therefore, prompt recognition and management of this condition are crucial. This article presents the outcomes of a 7-year complete cycle audit project and describes the development of the new local guideline on the management of orbital infections in our tertiary centre.
METHODS: (1) A retrospective 5-year audit cycle on patients with orbital infections. (2) A review of available evidence on the management of orbital infections. (3) A new local multidisciplinary guideline on the management of orbital infections. (4) A retrospective 2-year second audit cycle to assess the clinical outcomes.
RESULTS: Various disciplines intersect in the management of orbital infections. Standardising the management of this condition proved to be achievable through the developed guideline. However, room for improvement in practice exists in areas such as the promptness in referring patients to specialist care, the multidisciplinary assessment of patients on admission, and the improvement of scanning requests of patients.

Precise knowledge of the nerve supply of the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) is a prerequisite for performing a selective denervation of the CSM. The authors\' goal was to determine the course and variability of the motor nerves of the CSM in relation to fixed orbital landmarks. The facial nerve branches toward the CSM were identified during microscopic dissection of 9 Caucasian formaldehyde-fixed cadaver half-heads. The distances between the branches and defined landmarks were measured. All branches to the transverse head of the CSM ran between 15 and 32 mm superior to the lateral orbital margin. Medially the CSM was supplied by a superficial zygomatic, buccal, or bucco-zygomatic branch, which was much smaller than the temporal branches. This branch ran 4 to 7 mm medial to the medial canthus. This anatomical knowledge can be applied for surgical denervation of the corrugator supercilii muscle. The authors suggest a surgical procedure for corrugator denervation through a blepharoplasty incision.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) and orbital benign lymphoid hyperplasia (OBLH) accounted for by immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related orbital disease (IgG4-ROD) using the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease published by Umehara et al and the consensus diagnostic criteria published by Deshpande et al. Secondary aims were to compare the histological and clinical features of IgG4-ROD and non-IgG4-ROD cases, and to compare IgG4-ROD cases diagnosed using the comprehensive diagnostic criteria with those diagnosed using the consensus diagnostic criteria.
METHODS: A retrospective histopathological review and clinical case series. 55 cases of biopsy-confirmed non-granulomatous IOI and 10 cases of biopsy-confirmed OBLH were included. The intensity of sclerosis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and eosinophilic infiltration was graded from 0 to 3+ using a standardised and validated scoring system.
RESULTS: IgG4-ROD accounted for 50% and 40% of cases originally diagnosed as OBLH and 23.6% and 5.4% of cases originally diagnosed as IOI, using the comprehensive diagnostic criteria and the consensus diagnostic criteria, respectively. IgG4-ROD cases had numerous significant histological differences, but relatively few significant clinical differences, from non-IgG4-ROD cases. Compared with the comprehensive diagnostic criteria, the consensus diagnostic criteria identified a group of IgG4-ROD cases with a slightly higher ratio of IgG4+ to IgG+ (p=0.01) and a slightly longer duration of symptoms (p=0.02).
CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest review of IgG4 staining among biopsy-confirmed IOI and OBLH. IgG4-ROD accounted for a substantial proportion of OBLH. The prevalence among cases of IOI was considerably reduced when the consensus diagnostic criteria were used in place of the comprehensive diagnostic criteria.