政策要点:历史上,延长受工作保护的带薪育儿假期限的改革改善了妇女的经济成果。通过瞄准分娩前后的时期,获得带薪育儿假似乎也降低了婴儿死亡率,母乳喂养代表了一种潜在的机制。在提供无薪或短期带薪休假的国家提供更慷慨的带薪休假权利,可以帮助家庭在赚取收入和照顾个人和家庭福祉的相互竞争的需求之间取得平衡。
立法规定新父母带薪休假的政策,照顾个人和家庭疾病,在经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家中很常见。然而,没有全面审查它们对经济的潜在影响,社会,和健康结果。
我们对有关带薪休假以及社会经济和健康结果的同行评审文献进行了系统回顾。我们审查了5538篇摘要,并选择了85篇发表的关于育儿假政策影响的论文,关于病假政策影响的22篇论文,和2篇评估这两种政策的论文。我们通过叙述性描述综合了主要发现;荟萃分析被政策属性的异质性所排除,政策变化,结果,和研究设计。
关于育儿假政策的影响,我们得出了几个结论。首先,带薪育儿假延长至6至12个月,伴随着休假时间的增加和休假时间的延长。第二,几乎没有证据表明延长带薪休假期限会对就业或经济产生负面影响。第三,无薪假似乎与带薪休假没有相同的福利。第四,从人口健康的角度来看,带薪育儿假的增加始终与更好的婴儿和儿童健康相关,特别是在较低的死亡率方面。第五,适当长度和慷慨的带薪陪产假政策促使父亲在孩子出生后额外休假。尚未广泛研究针对个人或家庭疾病的病假政策如何影响健康。
有大量的准实验证据支持扩大受工作保护的带薪育儿假,作为支持妇女参与劳动力的工具,保障妇女的收入和收入,提高儿童生存率。这有影响,特别是,对于那些提供较短的受工作保护的带薪休假或完全缺乏国家带薪休假权利的国家。
Policy Points: Historically, reforms that have increased the duration of job-protected paid parental leave have improved women\'s economic outcomes. By targeting the period around childbirth, access to paid parental leave also appears to reduce rates of infant mortality, with breastfeeding representing one potential mechanism. The provision of more generous paid leave entitlements in countries that offer unpaid or short durations of paid leave could help families strike a balance between the competing demands of earning income and attending to personal and family well-being.
Policies legislating paid leave from work for new parents, and to attend to individual and family illness, are common across Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (
OECD) countries. However, there exists no comprehensive
review of their potential impacts on economic, social, and health outcomes.
We conducted a systematic
review of the peer-reviewed literature on paid leave and socioeconomic and health outcomes. We reviewed 5,538 abstracts and selected 85 published papers on the impact of parental leave policies, 22 papers on the impact of medical leave policies, and 2 papers that evaluated both types of policies. We synthesized the main findings through a narrative description; a meta-analysis was precluded by heterogeneity in policy attributes, policy changes, outcomes, and study designs.
We were able to draw several conclusions about the impact of parental leave policies. First, extensions in the duration of paid parental leave to between 6 and 12 months were accompanied by attendant increases in leave-taking and longer durations of leave. Second, there was little evidence that extending the duration of paid leave had negative employment or economic consequences. Third, unpaid leave does not appear to confer the same benefits as paid leave. Fourth, from a population health perspective, increases in paid parental leave were consistently associated with better infant and child health, particularly in terms of lower mortality rates. Fifth, paid paternal leave policies of adequate length and generosity have induced fathers to take additional time off from work following the birth of a child. How medical leave policies for personal or family illness influence health has not been widely studied.
There is substantial quasi-experimental evidence to support expansions in the duration of job-protected paid parental leave as an instrument for supporting women\'s labor force participation, safeguarding women\'s incomes and earnings, and improving child survival. This has implications, in particular, for countries that offer shorter durations of job-protected paid leave or lack a national paid leave entitlement altogether.