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UNASSIGNED: To survey community-based migrant-serving organizations (MSOs) in New York City (NYC) regarding their early experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and perspectives on academic collaborations.
UNASSIGNED: We developed and emailed a survey via Qualtrics (12/2020-1/2021) to 122 MSOs in NYC collecting data about the organizations; challenges posed by COVID-19; and interest in potential intersectoral collaboration. Descriptive analysis focused on the pandemic\'s impact on service provision, type of MSO, and organizational capacity.
UNASSIGNED: Thirty-eight MSOs participated (RR=31%). COVID-19-related challenges included limited staff capacity, organizational funding, and technological and resource limitations of communities served. Organizational capacity correlated with types of services offered: smaller organizations offered health and social services, while larger organizations focused on education and employment. MSOs indicated interest in collaboration on migrant policy advocacy and communications, access to interns, and resources regarding best practices and policies.
UNASSIGNED: MSOs in NYC have struggled with funding, staffing, and service provision. They specified fruitful areas for collaboration with academic research institutions.
UNASSIGNED: Development of an academic-based migrant health resource hub will serve an identified need among MSOs in NYC.

BACKGROUND: Particulate matter exposure (PM) is a cause of aerodigestive disease globally. The destruction of the World Trade Center (WTC) exposed first responders and inhabitants of New York City to WTC-PM and caused obstructive airways disease (OAD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett\'s Esophagus (BE). GERD not only diminishes health-related quality of life but also gives rise to complications that extend beyond the scope of BE. GERD can incite or exacerbate allergies, sinusitis, bronchitis, and asthma. Disease features of the aerodigestive axis can overlap, often necessitating more invasive diagnostic testing and treatment modalities. This presents a need to develop novel non-invasive biomarkers of GERD, BE, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), treatment efficacy, and severity of symptoms.
METHODS: Our observational case-cohort study will leverage the longitudinally phenotyped Fire Department of New York (FDNY)-WTC exposed cohort to identify Biomarkers of Airway Disease, Barrett\'s and Underdiagnosed Reflux Noninvasively (BAD-BURN). Our study population consists of n = 4,192 individuals from which we have randomly selected a sub-cohort control group (n = 837). We will then recruit subgroups of i. AHR only ii. GERD only iii. BE iv. GERD/BE and AHR overlap or v. No GERD or AHR, from the sub-cohort control group. We will then phenotype and examine non-invasive biomarkers of these subgroups to identify under-diagnosis and/or treatment efficacy. The findings may further contribute to the development of future biologically plausible therapies, ultimately enhance patient care and quality of life.
CONCLUSIONS: Although many studies have suggested interdependence between airway and digestive diseases, the causative factors and specific mechanisms remain unclear. The detection of the disease is further complicated by the invasiveness of conventional GERD diagnosis procedures and the limited availability of disease-specific biomarkers. The management of reflux is important, as it directly increases risk of cancer and negatively impacts quality of life. Therefore, it is vital to develop novel noninvasive disease markers that can effectively phenotype, facilitate early diagnosis of premalignant disease and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient care.
BACKGROUND: Name of Primary Registry: \"Biomarkers of Airway Disease, Barrett\'s and Underdiagnosed Reflux Noninvasively (BADBURN)\". Trial Identifying Number: NCT05216133 . Date of Registration: January 31, 2022.

The New York City (NYC) subway system accommodates 5.5 million daily commuters, and the environment within the subway is known to have high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Naturally, subway air pollution varies among individuals according to their mobility patterns, introducing the possibility of inequality in PM2.5 exposure. This study aims to evaluate individual and community-level exposure to subway PM2.5. We simulated the intracity home-to-work trip patterns using the Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) records of 3.1 million working commuters across 34,169 census blocks in four boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx) of NYC. We incorporated the on-platform and on-train measured PM2.5 concentration data for the entire subway system. The mean underground platform concentration in the city was 139 μg/m3 with a standard deviation of 25 μg/m3, while the on-train concentration when underground was 99 μg/m3 with a standard deviation of 21 μg/m3. Using a network model, we determined the exposure of individual commuters during their daily home-work trips. We quantified the mean per capita exposure at the census block level by considering the proportion of workers within the blocks who rely on the subway for their work commute. Results indicate statistically significant weak positive correlation between elevated subway PM2.5 exposure and economically disadvantaged and racial minority groups.

In mid-2022, New York City (NYC) became the epicenter of the US mpox outbreak. We provided real-time mpox case forecasts to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to aid in outbreak response. Forecasting methodologies evolved as the epidemic progressed. Initially, lacking knowledge of at-risk population size, we used exponential growth models to forecast cases. Once exponential growth slowed, we used a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model. Retrospectively, we explored if forecasts could have been improved using an SEIR model in place of our early exponential growth model, with or without knowing the case detection rate. Early forecasts from exponential growth models performed poorly, as 2-week mean absolute error (MAE) grew from 53 cases/week (July 1-14) to 457 cases/week (July 15-28). However, when exponential growth slowed, providing insight into susceptible population size, an SEIR model was able to accurately predict the remainder of the outbreak (7-week MAE: 13.4 cases/week). Retrospectively, we found there was not enough known about the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak to parameterize an SEIR model early on. However, if the at-risk population and case detection rate were known, an SEIR model could have improved accuracy over exponential growth models early in the outbreak.

We characterized comorbidity profiles and cardiometabolic risk factors among older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) in New York City using an intersectionality approach. Electronic health record data were obtained from the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network on 367,901 New York City residents aged 50 years or older with MCCs. Comorbidity profiles were heterogeneous. The most common profile across sex and racial and ethnic groups was co-occurring hypertension and hyperlipidemia; prevalence of these 2 conditions differed across groups (4.7%-7.3% co-occurrence alone, 65.1%-88.0% with other conditions). Significant sex and racial and ethnic differences were observed, which may reflect accumulated disparities in risk factors and health care access across the life course.

Even low levels of lead in children\'s blood are associated with developmental delays, difficulty learning, and behavioral issues. Adults are also vulnerable to the detrimental health effects of lead exposure. The New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene receives blood lead test results for NYC residents and conducts investigations of lead poisoning cases. Blood lead testing of a child aged 4 years in 2012 led to the discovery of blood lead levels above the CDC blood lead reference value of 3.5 μg/dL in the child as well as four other family members over a period of 11 years, including the child\'s mother and three younger siblings born during 2012-2016. The only potential source of lead exposure identified for all cases was the use of surma, a traditional eye cosmetic, which was found to contain 390,000 ppm lead. The cases in this report highlight the challenges of risk communication when deeply ingrained cultural practices, such as the use of surma, persist despite health warnings. Moreover, they highlight the intergenerational nature of such practices and the need for comprehensive family follow-up once a member is identified as being at risk. These products continue to be available globally, even in places such as the United States where sales are prohibited. Multistakeholder efforts involving local and global engagement could promote reformulation of these products at the countries of origin to eliminate lead as an ingredient.

The Latinx (Hispanic) social construct obscures differences in the overdose risk levels of groups within this category. When national data are disaggregated, stateside Puerto Rican mortality increases exponentially, so much that this community has the highest rates of overdose deaths across years. Developed by Bronx-based Puerto Ricans, Narcanazo is an empowered upstander campaign that uses local overdose data to mobilize community members as trained naloxone dispensers. This health promotion campaign was grounded in antiracist epidemiological analysis. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S6):S463-S466. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307605) [Formula: see text].

OBJECTIVE: Although life events are clearly important to health, most of the scientific focus has been on baseline life events that occur prior to a study. Life events that occur after enrolment, that is, interval life events, have had almost no attention. The aim of this analysis of data was to develop a method for measuring interval life events that could be used in clinical trials and other longitudinal studies.
METHODS: Small Changes and Lasting Effects (SCALE) was a 12-month weight-loss randomised controlled trial (RCT). This was an analysis of the SCALE follow-up data.
METHODS: Healthcare networks, outpatient clinics and community churches in the South Bronx and Harlem areas of New York City.
METHODS: Overweight black and Latino adults. This analysis focuses on the 330 of the 405 patients who had >4 weeks of follow-up with at least one perceived stress score (PSS).
METHODS: The SCALE RCT was published elsewhere and involved positive affect and self-affirmation to increase behaviour change.
RESULTS: 5% weight loss.
RESULTS: Over 12 months, up to 27 follow-ups were conducted that evaluated interval life events, eating and physical activity behaviour, weight and perceived stress. During these follow-ups, participants were asked two open-ended questions to capture interval life events. The interval life events were qualitatively coded into categories. The interval life events categories were compared with interval monthly measures of perceived stress using the 4-item PSS scale.
RESULTS: During the interval follow-ups for the RCT, 70.6% of the 330 patients reported at least one interval life event, which occurred during a median of 15 follow-ups (95% CI: 5 to 24). The median number of interval events was 2 (95% CI: 0 to 8): 30.6% reported their own illness; 22%, death or bereavement; 21.8%, illness in the family and 13.1%, family conflicts. The mean perceived stress score (PSS-4) assessed over the year of follow-up was 3.2±2.7. Mean perceived stress (PSS-4) increased, especially for interval financial events, major conflict with a partner and unemployment, but by less for deaths, family illness and family conflict. Participants with the most interval life events had the greatest increase in interval perceived stress (p<0.0001). Of note, neither high baseline perceived stress (PSS-10 >20) nor baseline depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 >10) were associated with higher interval life events (p>0.05); but those with lower social support had more events. However, those with either depression or stress had higher interval stress responses. Most participants had neither baseline nor interval events, and the percentage with both was small so that baseline events did not predict subsequent perceived stress.
CONCLUSIONS: This method provides a straightforward method of assessing interval life events, by asking two open-ended questions, that can be coded in a simple categorical framework. Such events can affect outcomes in longitudinal studies and trials in part by increasing perceived stress. This framework moves beyond the events identified as important in the 1950s and recognises that specific life events may have significantly different life impacts in different individuals.
BACKGROUND: NCT01198990; Post-results.

BACKGROUND: Despite a large body of evidence linking the impact of trauma, parenting, and child maltreatment recidivism, current child welfare services often do not target maternal trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, there is little evidence that traditional family preservation services (FPS) lower the rates of repeat incidences of child abuse and neglect. The novel intervention, Parenting-STAIR (P-STAIR), seeks to address maternal mental health and parenting skills in order to reduce punitive parenting behaviors.
OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the effects of P-STAIR on child maltreatment risk.
METHODS: P-STAIR was administered to 112 child welfare-involved mothers in New York City (NYC). The mothers were between 18 and 52 years old (M = 31.1, SD = 6.6) and were referred from 4 child welfare preventive service agencies in NYC.
METHODS: To evaluate change over time in indicators of maltreatment risk, two-tailed paired sample t-tests compared 1) pre- and post-treatment scores and 2) pre-treatment and 3-month follow-up scores.
RESULTS: Among the 71 mothers who completed treatment, significant improvements from baseline to post-assessment and pre- to 3-month follow-up were observed across total scores on the CTSPC and the AAPI-2. Improvements were evident in nonviolent disciple, psychological aggression, expectations, empathy, and parent-child family roles at both the post-assessment and 3-month follow-up which are proximal outcomes of P-STAIR (CTSPC: pre-post nonviolent disciple d = 0.70; pre-post psychological aggression d = 0.34; pre-follow-up nonviolent disciple d = 0.42; pre-follow-up psychological aggression d = 0.36; AAPI-2; pre-post expectations d = 0.31; pre-post empathy d = 0.39; pre-post parent-child roles d = 0.47; pre-follow-up expectations d = 0.33; pre-follow-up empathy d = 0.42; pre-follow-up parent-child roles d = 0.66).
CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in indicators of maltreatment risk demonstrates promising support for the utility of P-STAIR within the child welfare system.