UNASSIGNED: Phrenic nerve schwannoma is an occasional axonal tumor that is mostly asymptomatic.
METHODS: In this report, a man with a painless lump in his neck was the subject. His diagnostic process included the recording of schwannoma. Phrenic schwannoma was removed by surgery without any complication during follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: Surgical excision under general anesthesia was done for the patient and during the surgical explore, the surgeon observed that, the schwannoma arose from the cervical phrenic nerve. The cervical mass was dissected from the phrenic nerve precisely by intracapsular enucleation technique.
CONCLUSIONS: The phrenic involvements of schwannomas are extremely rare and mostly presented as a painless mass. Additionally, complete surgical excision of them is an efficient method.

UNASSIGNED: Commonly, the thyroid gland is regarded as an organ with fewer metastatic diseases, and colorectal metastasis to the thyroid (CMT) is rarely reported, especially, with that the clinical sign of thyroid metastasis nidus is the chief complaint. The CMT occurs in advanced colorectal cancer and is associated with poor prognosis and short survival.
UNASSIGNED: In this case, we reported a patient with the sign of neck mass as the first manifestation of CMT. The patient underwent a partial thyroidectomy in June 2019, immunohistochemical findings of thyroid carcinoma suggested the possibility of adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal tract. The patient underwent a colonoscopy in July 2019 and a colonic mass was found. Pathological examination diagnosed rectal adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical treatment, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The patient died in June 2022.
UNASSIGNED: The metastasis disease would not be ignored at all, when a patient complains at signs of neck mass. Further, the possibility of metastasis cancer should be considered once thyroid nodules occur in patients with colorectal cancer. Even though the biological characteristics and stage of the primary tumor have an important impact on the prognosis, positive standardized treatments can also be helpful.

Primary meningioma at extracranial head and neck sites is uncommon. Since fine needle aspiration (FNA) is often the first line diagnostic modality for the evaluation of masses in the head and neck, extracranial meningiomas can create a significant diagnostic pitfall for FNA. We report a case of meningioma with rhabdoid features and BAP1 loss in a 26-year-old woman, presenting as a large neck mass along the carotid sheath. FNA biopsy of the mass demonstrated a highly cellular specimen with clusters of uniform, epithelioid cells with round to ovoid nuclei and moderate nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. An extensive immunohistochemical panel performed on cell block sections showed that the tumor cells were weakly EMA positive, progesterone receptor was focally positive, and SSTR2A was diffuse and strongly positive. BAP1 immunohistochemistry showed a diffuse loss of expression in the tumor cells. After the cytologic diagnosis of meningioma, a tissue biopsy was performed, and the diagnosis of meningioma with rhabdoid features and BAP1 loss was confirmed. We also perform a literature review of meningioma cases presenting as a neck mass and evaluated by FNA. Our case highlights the significant diagnostic challenges that can be caused by extracranial meningiomas on FNA and the importance of ancillary studies to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.

Lymphoproliferative disorders comprise of a group of heterogenous diseases characterised by uncontrolled production of lymphocytes.Castleman disease (CD) is one such disease and comprises of a group of rare disorders that involve enlarged lymph nodes and a broad range of inflammatory symptoms and laboratory abnormalities [1]. We came across young girl who presented to us in the out patient department with this disease After ruling out other pathologies and confirming the diagnosis by doing a tissue biopsy the girl was treated surgically and is disease free till date.

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a favorable prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of over 95%. However, the undifferentiated or anaplastic type accounting for < 0.2%, usually in elderly individuals, exhibits a dismal prognosis with rapid growth and disappointing outcomes. It is the most aggressive form of thyroid carcinoma, with a median survival of 5 mo and poor quality of life (airway obstruction, dysphagia, hoarseness, persistent pain). Early diagnosis and staging are crucial. Diagnostic tools include biopsy (fine needle aspiration, core needle, open surgery), high-resolution ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, [(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomo-graphy/computed tomography, liquid biopsy and microRNAs. The BRAF gene (BRAF-V600E and BRAF wild type) is the most often found molecular factor. Others include the genes RET, KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS. Recent management policy is based on surgery, even debulking, chemotherapy (cisplatin or doxorubicin), radiotherapy (adjuvant or definitive), targeted biological agents and immunotherapy. The last two options constitute novel hopeful management modalities improving the overall survival in these otherwise condemned patients. Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody immunotherapy, stem cell targeted therapies, nanotechnology achievements and artificial intelligence imple-mentation provide novel promising alternatives. Genetic mutations determine molecular pathways, thus indicating novel treatment strategies such as anti-BRAF, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor. Treatment with the combination of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib and the MEK inhibitor trametinib has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in cases with BRAF-V600E gene mutations and is currently the standard care. This neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery ensures a two-year overall survival of 80%. Prognostic factors for improved outcomes have been found to be younger age, earlier tumor stage and radiation therapy. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary, and the therapeutic plan should be individualized based on surveillance and epidemiology end results.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine neoplasm that accounts for <1% of cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The management of parathyroid carcinoma is a challenge due to the high rate of local recurrence of the tumour. We report the case of a middle-aged north Indian woman who presented with recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid carcinoma. She presented with a recurrent palpable hard neck mass and underwent radical dissection of the neck six times. At the time of writing this report, she was referred for external beam radiotherapy to the neck. Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy with an indolent but tenacious course. Complete resection at the time of initial surgery determines the prognosis of the neoplasm. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually ineffective. Hypercalcaemia needs to be aggressively managed. A multidisciplinary team is required to effectively manage parathyroid carcinoma.

Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary glands is a rare type of cancer that is poorly differentiated and resembles undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas. However, it requires a completely different treatment regimen. This type of cancer is more common in certain populations, particularly Asians and Arctic region native populations, and is strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially in endemic areas. The most common symptoms of this type of cancer include a growing mass in the parotid region and cervical lymphadenopathy. In this study, the authors present the case of an unusual instance of Epstein-Barr virus positive lymphoepithelial carcinoma in the parotid gland. The authors reviewed the literature and report a case history to present the diagnostic steps and the management of lymphoepithelial carcinoma in the parotid gland. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(38): 1506-1510.
A lymphoepithelialis carcinoma az epithelialis sejtek ritka, gyengén differenciált daganata, amelyre jellemző a stromában lévő kiterjedt lymphoid infiltráció. Ez a parotisban is megjelenő tumor a nasopharynxban előforduló differenciálatlan nasopharyngealis carcinomának szövettani analógja. A szövettani egyezés ellenére egészen másfajta kezelést igényel, így rendkívül fontossá válik a differenciáldiagnosztika. A fültőmirigy elsődleges lymphoepithelialis carcinomája nagyon ritka, és az összes rosszindulatú nyálmirigydaganat 0,4%-át teszi ki. Ezeknek az elváltozásoknak etnikai háttérhez kapcsolódó halmozódásuk van, többnyire ázsiai és északi-sarkvidéki bennszülött populációkban fordulnak elő. Összefüggés mutatható ki az Epstein–Barr-vírussal, és jellemző, hogy az endémiás területeken fordul elő a leggyakrabban. Az elsődleges parotis lymphoepithelialis carcinoma leggyakoribb tünetei a parotisban megjelenő tapintható elváltozás és a cervicalis lymphadenopathia. Egy Epstein–Barr-vírus-pozitív, a parotisban primeren kialakult lymphoepithelialis carcinoma esetéről számolunk be. A jelen közleményben a vonatkozó szakirodalmi háttér mentén, illetve esetbemutatáson keresztül a primer parotis lymphoepithelialis carcinoma megjelenésének komplex kivizsgálását és ellátását ismertetjük. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(38): 1506–1510.

Intramuscular hemangiomas (IMH) are benign vascular tumors of the skeletal muscles. These tumors are uncommon in the head and neck region and usually affect the trunk and extremities. IMH of the masseter and trapezius muscles have been reported in the head and neck region. However, the sternocleidomastoid is extremely rare. In the current case report, we described a 25-year-old man with a rare case of intramuscular hemangioma involving the sternocleidomastoid muscle and reviewed the relevant literature. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography was initially obtained and showed a slightly hyperdense soft tissue mass. Head and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrate a well-delineated hyperintense lesion on the T2 sequence suggestive of a soft tissue hemangioma. Subsequently, angioembolization using onyx was performed, followed by surgical excision of the mass under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination of the mass showed vascular proliferation within the skeletal muscles, and fatty tissue with an abundance of capillaries, which are consistent with capillary type intramuscular hemangioma. The patient was followed up in the clinic until the wound healed. Three months after surgery, no recurrence was observed. Preoperative angioembolization contributed to the success of IMH surgery by reducing morbidity, facilitating complete excision, and decreasing the risk of recurrence.

Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are rare vascular tumors, and head and neck hemangiopericytoma (HNHPC) accounts for 11% to 16% of all HPCs, possibly occurring at any age. However, according to a recent study, HNHPC was most frequently observed in middle-aged adults and had a slight predominance of female patients. In the present case, we report the successful treatment of HNHPC.

UNASSIGNED: Multifocal Langerhans\' cell histocytosis is a rare condition that can affect multiple organs and manifest in various scenarios. While the condition is more commonly found in children, it can also occur in adults.
UNASSIGNED: A 43-year-old female presented with refractory otorrhea and had a rubbery neck mass in the left mid-cervical area, as well as an itchy eczematoid lesion in the left parietal area. The otic lesion was eventually resected, and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans histiocytosis.
UNASSIGNED: Although rare in adults, Langerhans histiocytosis should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses for ear canal polyps. If diagnosed, medical treatment should be pursued.