The present study explored the anticancer activity of a Chitosan-based nanogel incorporating thiocolchicoside and lauric acid (CTL) against oral cancer cell lines (KB-1). Cell viability, AO/EtBr dual staining and Cell cycle analysis were done to evaluate the impact of CTL nanogel on oral cancer cells. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression in CTL-treated KB-1 cells. Further, molecular docking analysis was conducted to explore the interaction of our key ingredient, thiocolchicoside and its binding affinities. The CTL nanogel demonstrated potent anticancer activity by inhibiting oral cancer cell proliferation and inducing cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Gene expression analysis indicated alterations in Bax and Bcl-2 genes; CTL nanogel treatment increased Bax mRNA expression and inhibited the Bcl-2 mRNA expression, which showed potential mechanisms of the CTL nanogel\'s anticancer action. It was found that thiocolchicoside can stabilize the protein\'s function or restore it as a tumour suppressor. The CTL nanogel exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and potent anticancer effects, making it a potential candidate for non-toxic chemotherapy in cancer nanomedicine. Furthermore, the nanogel\'s ability to modulate proapoptotic gene expression highlights its potential for targeted cancer therapy. This research contributes to the growing interest in Chitosan-based nanogels and their potential applications in cancer treatment.

In the study, we have shown the efficacy of an indigenously developed redox balancing chitosan gel with impregnated citrate capped Mn3O4 nanoparticles (nanogel). Application of the nanogel on a wound of preclinical mice model shows role of various signaling molecules and growth factors, and involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at every stage, namely hemostasis, inflammation, and proliferation leading to complete maturation for the scarless wound healing. While in vitro characterization of nanogel using SEM, EDAX, and optical spectroscopy reveals pH regulated redox buffering capacity, in vivo preclinical studies on Swiss albino involving IL-12, IFN-γ, and α-SMA signaling molecules and detailed histopathological investigation and angiogenesis on every stage elucidate role of redox buffering for the complete wound healing process.

In this study, we aim to unveil the potential of itaconyl chondroitin sulfate nanogel (ICSNG) in tackling chronic kidney diseases triggered by the administration of CDDP and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, ADR). To that end, the new drug delivery system (ICSNG) was initially prepared, characterized, and loaded with the target drugs. Thereafter, the in-vivo studies were performed using five equally divided groups of 100 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Biochemical evaluation and immunohistochemistry studies have revealed the renal toxicity and the ameliorative effects of ICSNG on renal function. When ICSNG-based treatments were contrasted with the CDDP and ADR infected groups, they significantly increased paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and albumin activity and significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), creatinine, urea, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity (p < 0.001). The findings of the current study imply that ICSNG may be able to lessen renal inflammation and damage in chronic kidney disorders brought on by the administration of CDDP and ADR. Interestingly, according to the estimated selectivity indices, the ICSNG-encapsulated drugs have demonstrated superior selectivity for cancer MCF-7 cells, over healthy HSF cells, in comparison to the bare drugs.

We aimed to assess the therapeutic effects of a topical probiotic nano-formulation derived from Lactobacillus reuteri on treating recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
60 participants were randomly allocated into two groups (control and probiotic). Probiotic group administered topical probiotic nano-formulation three times a day for seven days. The control group administered a standard analgesic oral rinse. The size of ulcer(s) and pain severity were recorded on days 0, 3, 5, and 7 after intervention.
Before the intervention, the groups had no significant differences in terms of pain severity (P-value = 0.28) and lesion size (P-value = 0.24). Both groups exhibited significant reductions in pain severity and lesion size over the course of the intervention. After one week, the probiotic group had a notably larger lesion size reduction than the control group (P-value = 0.01). The probiotic group also showed a significantly greater reduction in pain severity than the control group (P-value = 0.04).
Applying topical probiotic nano-formulation derived from Lactobacillus reuteri three times a day decreased lesion size and pain severity in RAS patients faster than the local analgesic oral rinse.
Lactobacillus reuteri-derived probiotic nano-formulation might be a promising treatment option for RAS.

This research work is to evaluate spanlastic-loaded raloxifene (RLX) nanogel administration via the transdermal route to avoid its hepatic metabolism and to enhance the bioavailability for better management of osteoporosis. RLX-loaded spanlastic nanogel was prepared and characterized for its viscosity, pH, spreadability, and texture profile. The formulation was applied on the skin surface of the animal for pharmacokinetic evaluation, and later, the efficacy of the formulation was assessed in ovariectomized female Wistar rats. The nanogel was obtained with a viscosity (2552.66 ± 30.61 cP), pH (7.1 ± 0.1), and spreadability (7.1 ± 0.2 cm). The texture properties, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness of the nanogel showed its suitability for transdermal application. Nanogel showed no sign of edema and erythema in the skin irritation test which revealed its safety for transdermal application. The t1/2 obtained for RLX-spanlastic nanogel (37.02 ± 0.59 h) was much higher than that obtained for RLX-oral suspension (14.43 h). The relative bioavailability was found to be 215.96% for RLX-spanlastic nanogel, and the drug and formulation did not show any toxicity in any of the vital organs, as well as no hematological changes occurring in blood samples. In microarchitectural measurement, RLX-spanlastic nanogel exhibited no unambiguous deviations along with improved bone mineral density compared to the RLX suspension treated group. Transdermal administration of RLX-spanlastic nanogel showed significant improvement of drug bioavailability (approx. twice to oral administration) without any toxic effect in the treated rats. Hence, spanlastic nanogel could be a better approach to deliver RLX via transdermal route for the management of osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: Considering the prevalence of oral mucositis, we aimed to use the analgesic effects of doxepin with chitosan\'s antimicrobial and bio-adhesive nature to fabricate a nano-formulation for treating chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
METHODS: Nanogel was fabricated via ionic gelation and characterized. Sixty patients were randomly divided and received four different treatments for 14 days: diphenhydramine + aluminum-magnesium mouthwash (control), doxepin mouthwash (DOX MW), chitosan nanogel (CN), and doxepin/chitosan nanogel (CN + DOX). Lesions were assessed with four indices, National Cancer Institute (NCI), World Health Organization (WHO), World Conference on Clinical and Research in Nursing (WCCNR) and visual analog scale (VAS) before and 3, 7, and 14 days after interventions. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for pairwise comparison.
RESULTS: CN had semisolid consistency, uniform spherical shape, an average size of 47.93 ± 21.69 nm, and a zeta potential of + 1.02 ± 0.16 mV. CN + DOX reduced WHO, WCCNR, and VAS scores significantly more than the control three days after the intervention. Seven days after the intervention, CN + DOX reduced NCI and WCCNR considerably more than the control; it reduced WCCNR significantly more than CN. Fourteen days after the intervention, CN + DOX decreased NCI markedly more than the control.
CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan-based doxepin nano-formulation might be a promising alternative for routine treatments of oral mucositis.

In response to the pressing demand for functional nanomaterials synthesis and applications, two polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) [electrostatic and cross-linked nanogels (NGs)] loaded individually with caffeic acid (CafA) and eugenol (Eug) demonstrating multifunctionalities were proposed for the first time. Curdlan (Curd) and glucomannan (GM) were carboxymethylated (CMCurd and CMGM) successfully and polymeric ratios of 1:1 and 4:1 (v/v) for chitosan (Cs): CMCurd and lactoferrin (Lf): CMGM were selected for the synthesis of Cs/CMCurd and Lf/CMGM NGs. Due to the use of EDC/NHS, Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs possessed very uniform particles sizes of 177 ± 18 and 230 ± 17 nm with marked encapsulation efficiencies (EEs) of 76 ± 4 and 88 ± 3 %, respectively. The formation of a carbonyl-amide linkage in both cross-linked NGs was confirmed by FTIR. It should be noted, the self-assembly was not reliable in retaining enough of the encapsulated compounds. Owing to the excellent physicochemical characteristics of the loaded cross-linked NGs, they were prioritized over the electrostatic ones. Both Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs exhibited high colloidal stability over 12 weeks, elevated hemocompatibility, and in vitro serum stability. The generated NGs were also tailored to possess controlled release profiles for CafA and Eug over 72 h. Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs had promising antioxidant efficacies and could remarkably inhibit 4 bacterial pathogens at low 2-16 μg/mL concentration of encapsulated NGs compared to their unencapsulated counterparts. Interestingly, the respective NGs could significantly decline the IC50 against colorectal cancer HCT-116 than conventional drugs. Based on these data, it was conferred that the investigated NGs could be promising candidates for functional foods and pharmaceutics.

The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-binding peptide is known to accelerate bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced bone formation. Cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP)-OA nanogel-crosslinked PEG gel (CHP-OA nanogel-hydrogel) was shown to release the RANKL-binding peptide sustainably; however, an appropriate scaffold for peptide-accelerated bone formation is not determined yet. This study compares the osteoconductivity of CHP-OA hydrogel and another CHP nanogel, CHP-A nanogel-crosslinked PEG gel (CHP-A nanogel-hydrogel), in the bone formation induced by BMP-2 and the peptide. A calvarial defect model was performed in 5-week-old male mice, and scaffolds were placed in the defect. In vivo μCT was performed every week. Radiological and histological analyses after 4 weeks of scaffold placement revealed that the calcified bone area and the bone formation activity at the defect site in the CHP-OA hydrogel were significantly lower than those in the CHP-A hydrogel when the scaffolds were impregnated with both BMP-2 and the RANKL-binding peptide. The amount of induced bone was similar in both CHP-A and CHP-OA hydrogels when impregnated with BMP-2 alone. In conclusion, CHP-A hydrogel could be an appropriate scaffold compared to the CHP-OA hydrogel when the local bone formation was induced by the combination of RANKL-binding peptide and BMP-2, but not by BMP-2 alone.

With the improvement of people\'s quality of life, various cardiovascular diseases are the most common diseases. Therefore, the main site of disease atherosclerosis is blood vessels, so we can see that its flow rate has obvious changes. Through the analysis of coronary heart disease, this paper studies the relationship between coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease, which is helpful to evaluate the risk of disease, and also provides the best prevention and treatment plan to overcome cardiovascular disease. As the material of artificial cartilage repair, nanocomposite hydrogel has excellent application value and attraction, because nanocomposite hydrogel has a structure similar to the extracellular matrix of natural chondrocytes. The patients in the experimental group were treated with nano composite hydrogel stent implantation. The other group of patients used the traditional way to carry out the comparative experiment. In the perfusion data of each ventricular wall in the coronary angiography and anterior wall perfusion group, the percentage of lateral wall in the normal proportion was the highest, 69.2%, 59.3% in the anterior wall, 39.5% in the inferior wall, and 19.7% in the apical value and interval. The percentage of LAD stenosis in anterior wall perfusion was O. The highest percentage in the lateral wall was 69.2%, and the lowest in the septum and apex was 19.7%. Nanocomposite hydrogel stent implantation can effectively treat coronary heart disease. The research shows that it is safe and effective in application.

Biomedical applications of nanoparticles require a fundamental understanding of their interactions and behavior with biological interfaces. Protein corona formation can alter the morphology and properties of nanomaterials, and knowledge of the interfacial behavior of the complexes, using in situ analytical techniques, will impact the development of nanocarriers to maximize uptake and permeability at cellular interfaces. In this study we evaluate the interactions of acrylamide-based nanogels, with neutral, positive, and negative charges, with serum-abundant proteins albumin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G. The formation of a protein corona complex between positively charged nanoparticles and albumin is characterized by dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, and surface tensiometry; we use neutron reflectometry to resolve the complex structure at the air/water interface and demonstrate the effect of increased protein concentration on the interface. Surface tensiometry data suggest that the structure of the proteins can impact the interfacial properties of the complex formed. These results contribute to the understanding of the factors that influence the bio-nano interface, which will help to design nanomaterials with improved properties for applications in drug delivery.