Mucocles of the appendix, encompassing mucinous cystadenomas and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, represent rare but clinically significant appendiceal lesions characterized by the accumulation of mucin within the appendix lumen. This review explores the diagnostic complexities and treatment strategies associated with mucocles, emphasizing the importance of its accurate recognition and management. Diagnostic challenges arise due to overlapping symptoms with acute appendicitis and other appendiceal pathologies, necessitating a multidimensional approach that includes imaging, histopathological analysis, and clinical correlation. Treatment options range from appendectomy for benign lesions to more extensive surgical procedures, such as right hemicolectomy for malignant forms. Prognostic factors, including histological subtype and tumor size, influence treatment decisions and long-term outcomes. By synthesizing current evidence and clinical insights, this review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for clinicians to navigate the complexities of mucocles of the appendix, offering perspectives that can guide effective management and future research endeavors.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland cystadenoma (SGCA) is a rare benign tumor that predominantly occurs in the parotid gland. SGCAs affecting the minor salivary glands are uncommon and often resemble, clinically and histopathologically, other salivary gland lesions.
METHODS: This study aimed to describe a series of four cases of SGCA affecting intraoral sites and performed a literature review of well-reported SGCA published in the English-language literature.
RESULTS: SGCA cases included in this series were diagnosed in the buccal mucosa, lip, and hard palate of female patients aged between 19 and 78 years. All cases underwent excisional biopsy and were histologically characterized by a multicystic growth with variable degrees of capsule formation and were lined by several types of epithelium, including some cell types that are infrequently reported in SGCA. In some cases, a small collection of lymphocytes was observed adjacent to cystic formations. All SGCA were positive for periodic acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemical reactions were positive for CK7 and p63. The follow-up time ranged widely from 3 to 53 months, and to date, no recurrence has been observed.
CONCLUSIONS: The literature review revealed a total of 33 published studies accounting for 55 SGCA cases.

An appendiceal mucocele is a rare disease characterized by the dilation of the appendix lumen with mucus accumulation. Although this disease is often found incidentally during appendectomy, it is crucial to differentiate it from acute appendicitis preoperatively to select adequate surgical management. We present a case of a 31-year-old male, medically free, with right-sided abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting. He was diagnosed with appendiceal mucocele and underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. The absence of a distinct clinical presentation and biochemical parameters necessitates a comprehensive and collaborative diagnostic approach for mucocele of the appendix. Achieving an accurate diagnosis prior to surgery is imperative to ensure the appropriate surgical technique is chosen, thereby minimizing the risk of serious intraoperative and postoperative complications such as pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Brenner tumors (BTs) are surface-epithelial stromal cell tumors that are categorized by the World Health Organization as benign, borderline, and malignant. Due to the rarity of BTs, the published literature on these tumors is comprised primarily of case reports and small retrospective studies. We performed a pathology database review spanning the last ten years at our institution revealing nine reported benign BTs. We collected the clinical and pathological data of patients associated with those BTs, describing the clinical presentation and imaging results, and assessing the possible risk factors associated with them. The average age at diagnosis was 58 years. BTs were discovered incidentally in 7/9 cases. The tumor was multifocal and bilateral in 1/9 cases and ranged in size from 0.2 cm to 7.5 cm. Associated Walthard rests were found in 6/9 cases and transitional metaplasia of surface ovarian and/or tubal epithelium was found in 4/9 cases. One patient had an associated mucinous cystadenoma in the ipsilateral ovary. Another patient had an associated mucinous cystadenoma in the contralateral ovary. In conclusion, we found that Walthard rests and transitional metaplasia are common findings in association with BTs. Additionally, pathologists and surgeons need to be aware of the association between mucinous cystadenomas and BTs.

UNASSIGNED: Primary Retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma (PRMC) is an extremely rare benign tumor, predominantly occurring in women, with unclear pathogenesis.
UNASSIGNED: A 31-year-old woman, with no medical or surgical history, presented with left flank pain.
UNASSIGNED: An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an 11cm retroperitoneal cyst. Due to its large size, percutaneous CT-guided drainage followed by a laparotomy surgical resection, were performed. Post-operative course was uneventful. Histological and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with PRMC. The patient was disease-free after a 6-month follow-up.
UNASSIGNED: Mucinous cystadenoma is a very odd finding in the retroperitoneum. Multiple differential diagnoses are to be considered beforehand, as most of cystic lesions in this anatomical region are malignant and require a different surgical approach. Radical resection, by laparotomy or laparoscopy, is the treatment of choice.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate failure of initial operative therapy (incomplete tumor removal) of ovarian-sparing surgery for pediatric benign ovarian neoplasms.
METHODS: A retrospective review of patients up to 21 years of age who underwent ovarian-sparing surgery for a benign ovarian neoplasm from 2010 to 2016 at 8 pediatric hospitals was conducted. Failure of initial operative therapy is defined as a radiologically suspected or pathologically confirmed ipsilateral lesion with the same pathology as the primary neoplasm within 12 weeks of the initial operation.
RESULTS: Forty patients received imaging within 12 weeks of their primary operation. Sixteen (40%) patients had a radiologically identified ovarian abnormality ipsilateral to the primary lesion, and 5 patients were suspected to have the same lesion as their primary neoplasm. Three of the 5 patients (7.5%) underwent reoperation with pathologic confirmation of the same lesion, resulting in a pathologically confirmed failure of therapy rate of 7.5%. The other 2 patients had serial imaging that subsequently demonstrated no recurrence with lesion resolution. Age, race/ethnicity, laparoscopy vs laparotomy, presence of torsion, pathology, size of lesion, and surgeon specialty were not associated with failure of therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: In most patients who received imaging within 12 weeks of the primary operation for resection of a benign ovarian neoplasm, ovarian-sparing surgery was successful in complete tumor removal, with a low failure of therapy rate. Selected patients with suspected failure of therapy on initial imaging could be serially monitored to determine the need for repeat surgical intervention.

Epithelial tumors that originate from the kidney are uncommon. The majority of cases reported in the literature are malignant, with <1% of adenocarcinomas. Adenomas are even rarer. A case of mucinous cystadenoma of the kidney was diagnosed and treated in Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM•HEBEI. The clinical feature of this disease was atypical. The principal symptom of mucinous cystadenoma of the kidney was a lump in the upper abdomen with intermittent pain in the abdomen. The tumor size ranged from 5-12 cm. The patient was clinically diagnosed with multiple renal cysts with thickened walls and hemorrhage. The patient was admitted to the hospital five days later, and a left nephrectomy was performed. The tumor capsule was integrated and did not adhere to the adjacent tissue. One or multiple smooth-walled dilated cystic areas were found on the cut section, some of which were filled with grey opaque gelatinous clots. Under light microscopy, the epithelial lining was characterized by a single layer of columnar with papillary proliferation and almost had no mitosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the cyst was positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Following nephrectomy, the patient was followed up for 8 years and no recurrence and metastasis were found. A total of five articles were retrieved, including six cases with mucinous cystadenoma of the kidney. The clinical feature of this disease was atypical, making clinical diagnosis difficult. Histopathological examination revealed that the cyst consisted of mucinous epithelium with supporting fibrous tissue and immunohistochemistry showed that the cyst was positive for CEA and PCNA. Patients with all resection of the affected kidney had an improved prognosis.

Neoplasms of the urachus are exceedingly rare, representing 0.17% of all bladder cancers. The mucinous cystic tumor of low malignant potential (MCTLMP) subtype is particularly rare with just 25 previous cases reported in the literature. Although rare, MCTLMPs are important to identify due to potential devastating complications and good cure rates with surgical removal. We present a 43 year old female with a nuanced constellation of comorbidities and confirmed MCTLMP following a workup for abdominal pain and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms. Notably, this tumor did not change in size over a 3-year course of serial imaging prior to surgical excision. This urachal MCTLMP represents roughly the 26th and one of the smallest of its subtype reported in the literature. This case illustrates the diagnosis and management of this rare urachal MCTLMP. Individual patient medical history, clinical considerations, and neoplasm characteristics are examined. Although rare, the potential for increased malignancy and potential complications necessitates surgical management and further investigation by the academic community.

BACKGROUND: Different groups of neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions can involve the ovaries and the epithelial tumors such as mucinous and Brenner tumors are the most common neoplastic category.
METHODS: This is a case report of a huge mucinous cystadenoma associated with benign Brenner tumor in 56 years old postmenopausal woman, who presented with a fast-growing abdominopelvic mass, and also review the reported articles about this rare occurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: Mucinous neoplasms of the ovary represent 10%-15% of ovarian neoplasms and about 80% of them are benign. Brenner tumors are a relatively rare epithelial neoplasm of the ovary that usually affect postmenopausal women and most of them are benign. Coexistence of Mucinous cystadenoma with Brenner tumor is a rare mixed epithelial tumor of the ovary.
CONCLUSIONS: This case report and review of article create awareness among the surgeons and pathologists about rare occurrence of combination of ovarian mucinous cystadenoma and benign Brenner tumor.

OBJECTIVE: To study the progression of benign ovarian lesions to mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (mBOTs); analyze the clinicopathologic features, diagnosis, and management of mBOTs in pediatric and adolescent girls; and provide a review of the literature on mBOTs in this population.
METHODS: Retrospective chart review of female adolescents younger than age 18 years diagnosed with mBOTs between July 2017 and February 2021.
METHODS: Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut; and Yale New Haven Health Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut.
METHODS: Three female patients diagnosed with mBOTs between ages 12 and 17 years.
METHODS: None.
METHODS: Clinical presentation, preoperative characteristics, surgical technique, histology, tumor stage, treatment, progression, outcome, and rate of recurrence.
RESULTS: Three adolescent patients were identified to have mBOTs. All three patients presented with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. One of the three patients was premenarchal at presentation. Two of the three patients were initially diagnosed with a mucinous cystadenoma and had recurrences of an ovarian cyst in the same ovary within five and 17 months. Pathology of the recurrent cyst was consistent with mBOT. Two of the three patients initially underwent cystectomy, and all ultimately had a unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Subsequent surveillance over two to four years was without evidence of disease recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: mBOTs are rare in the pediatric and adolescent population and may arise from benign ovarian tumors.