在过去的几十年中,用于处理各种废水类型的自由水面人工湿地(FWSCW)发生了显着变化。由于其成本效益和其他优势,全球对FWSCW应用的需求和兴趣日益增加,本文回顾了最近关于FWSCW去除不同类型污染物如营养素(即,TN,TP,NH4-N),重金属(即,Fe,Zn,和Ni),抗生素(即,土霉素,环丙沙星,多西环素,磺胺二甲嘧啶,和氧氟沙星),和杀虫剂(即,阿特拉津,S-甲草胺,吡虫啉,λ-氯氟氰菊酯,敌草隆3,4-二氯苯胺,Simazine,和阿特拉津)可能共存于湿地流入中,并讨论了模拟水力和污染物去除过程的方法。对最新文献的文献计量分析表明,中国的出版物数量最多,其次是美国。收集的数据显示,FWSCW平均可以去除61.6%,67.8%,54.7%,和72.85%的营养物质,重金属,抗生素,和杀虫剂,分别。优化每个污染物去除过程需要特定的设计参数。去除重金属需要最低的水力停留时间(HRT)(平均4.78天),去除农药需要最低的水深(平均0.34米),营养去除需要最大的系统尺寸。植被,尤其是香茅。和芦苇。,在FWSCW系统性能中起着重要作用,对移除过程做出重大贡献。各种建模方法(即,黑箱和基于过程的)进行了全面审查,揭示了需要包括与生物过程相关的内部过程机制以及植物物种。,这得到了进一步研究和实地研究验证的支持。这项工作提出了一个国家的最先进的,系统,并对FWSCW去除不同污染物的效率进行了比较讨论,主要设计因素,植被,和良好描述的性能预测模型。
Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWSCWs) for the treatment of various wastewater types have evolved significantly over the last few decades. With an increasing need and interest in FWSCWs applications worldwide due to their cost-effectiveness and other benefits, this paper reviews recent literature on FWSCWs\' ability to remove different types of pollutants such as nutrients (i.e., TN, TP, NH4-N), heavy metals (i.e., Fe, Zn, and Ni), antibiotics (i.e., oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, sulfamethazine, and ofloxacin), and pesticides (i.e., Atrazine, S-Metolachlor, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, diuron 3,4-dichloroanilin, Simazine, and Atrazine) that may co-exist in wetland inflow, and discusses approaches for simulating hydraulic and pollutant removal processes. A bibliometric analysis of recent literature reveals that China has the highest number of publications, followed by the USA. The collected data show that FWSCWs can remove an average of 61.6%, 67.8%, 54.7%, and 72.85% of inflowing nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics, and pesticides, respectively. Optimizing each pollutant removal process requires specific design parameters. Removing heavy metal requires the lowest hydraulic retention time (HRT) (average of 4.78 days), removing pesticides requires the lowest water depth (average of 0.34 m), and nutrient removal requires the largest system size. Vegetation, especially Typha spp. and Phragmites spp., play an important role in FWSCWs\' system performance, making significant contributions to the removal process. Various
modeling approaches (i.e., black-box and process-based) were comprehensively reviewed, revealing the need for including the internal process mechanisms related to the biological processes along with plants spp., that supported by a further research with field study validations. This work presents a state-of-the-art, systematic, and comparative discussion on the efficiency of FWSCWs in removing different pollutants, main design factors, the vegetation, and well-described models for performance prediction.