Trace- and macro-chemical elements are crucial for cellular physiological functioning, and their alterations in biological fluids might be associated with an underlying pathological state. Hence, this study aimed to examine and summarize the published literature concerning the application of salivary ionomics for caries diagnosis. An extensive search of studies was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, without any language and year restriction for answering the following PECO question: \"In subjects (i.e., children, adolescents, or adults) with good systematic health, are there any variations in the salivary concentrations of trace- or macro-elements between caries-free (CF) individuals and caries-active (CA) subjects?\" A modified version of the QUADOMICS tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The Review Manager Version 5.4.1. was used for data analyses. The analysis of salivary chemical elements that significantly differed between CF and CA subjects was also performed. Thirty-four studies were included, involving 2299 CA and 1669 CF subjects, having an age range from 3 to 64 years in over 16 countries. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the salivary levels of calcium, phosphorus, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc between CA and CF subjects, suggesting higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in CF subjects while higher levels of chloride, magnesium, and zinc in CA patients. Half of the included studies (17/34) were considered high quality, while the remaining half were considered medium quality. Only zinc and chloride ions were found to be higher significantly and consistent in CF and CA subjects, respectively. Conflicting outcomes were observed for all other salivary chemical elements including aluminum, bromine, calcium, copper, fluoride, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, lead, selenium, and sulfate ions.

UNASSIGNED: Evaluate available evidence of physical and/or chemical compatibility of commonly used medications in critically ill patients with balanced crystalloids.
UNASSIGNED: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried from inception to September 2022.
UNASSIGNED: This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. English-language studies reporting physical and/or chemical compatibility data between 50 selected medications and balanced crystalloids were included. A previously designed tool to assess risk of bias was adapted for use.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-nine studies encompassing 39 (78%) medications and 188 unique combinations with balanced crystalloids were included. Combinations included 35 (70%) medications with lactated Ringer\'s, 26 (52%) medications with Plasma-Lyte, 10 (20%) medications with Normosol, and one (2%) medication with Isolyte. Studies commonly evaluated physical and chemical compatibility (55.2%). More medications were evaluated via Y-site than admixture. Incompatibilities were identified in 18% of combinations comprising 13 individual drugs.
UNASSIGNED: This systematic review evaluates the compatibility of select critical care medications with balanced crystalloid solutions. Results may be used as a tool to guide clinicians on balanced crystalloid compatibility, potentially increasing ubiquitous use and reducing patient exposure to normal saline.
UNASSIGNED: Data are limited regarding chemical/physical compatibility of commonly used medications in critically ill patients with balanced crystalloids. Additional compatibility studies are warranted, particularly methodologically rigorous studies assessing Plasma-Lyte, Normosol, and Isolyte. Of the evaluated medications, there was a low frequency of incompatibilities with balanced crystalloids.

Darier disease (DD) is a rare type of inherited keratinizing disorder with no definitive therapeutic approach. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed literature review of all the available treatment modalities of Darier disease, including those that are both surgical and non surgical, to compare their efficacies and to propose a novel therapeutic approach. A complete search of the literature for all articles describing the different treatments of Darier disease, with no restrictions on patients\' ages, gender or nationalities, was performed with the use of PubMed. A total of 68 articles were included in the study: 3 prospective studies, 44 case reports/case series and 21 letters/correspondences/clinical images. The treatments described were topical, oral or physical. Retinoids (isotretinoin, tazarotene and adapalene) and fluorouracil were the two most effective topical treatments. Oral retinoids were the most effective oral therapy and were prescribed in the cases of generalized Darier disease. For localized and resistant skin lesions, physical therapies including surgical excision, dermabrasion and CO2 laser ablation were the first line choices. Limitations of this article include the inability to verify the accuracy of the published data, the relatively small sample size, the absence of randomized controlled clinical trials and possible unidentified confounding factors in various studies. In every therapeutic approach to Darier disease, consideration of patient comorbidities, disease distribution, severity and treatment accessibility is essential. Large and randomized clinical trials are necessary for the comparison of the efficacy and the safety of all the treatments of Darier disease and settling a consensus for management.

MgCl2 has been reported to be a versatile reagent especially as a Lewis acid catalyst in a variety of organic transformations including the preparation of heterocyclic compounds, the protection of functional groups and condensation reaction. Also the use of MgCl2 in the preparation of metallic magnesium and the application of magnesium chloride in biochemistry such as anesthetic for cephalopods, the separation of serum high-density lipoprotein, effect of MgCl2 on rabbit bronchial smooth muscle, antimicrobial properties of magnesium chloride and effect of MgCl2 on the quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia have been reported. Therefore, in this article the use of MgCl2 in organic chemistry and biochemistry is reviewed. MgCl2 has been reported to be a versatile reagent especially as a Lewis acid catalyst in a variety of organic transformations including the preparation of heterocyclic compounds, the protection of functional groups and condensation reaction. Also the use of MgCl2 in the preparation of metallic magnesium and the application of magnesium chloride in biochemistry such as anesthetic for cephalopods, the separation of serum high-density lipoprotein, effect of MgCl2 on rabbit bronchial smooth muscle, antimicrobial properties of magnesium chloride and effect of MgCl2 on the quality of life for patients with fibromyalgia have been reported. Therefore, in this article the use of MgCl2 in organic chemistry and biochemistry is reviewed.

Despite significant advances in the management of trauma victims, sepsis and the ensuing multiple organ failure remain the leading causes of death in the surgical intensive care unit. Although much effort has been focused on the mediators released in large quantities following shock and sepsis, blockade of mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines has not yet resulted in a successful therapy. However, as more studies are forthcoming, the mechanisms responsible for cell and organ dysfunctions following trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis are becoming better understood, and promising new therapeutic approaches are currently being evaluated. In order to understand the precise mechanisms responsible for cellular dysfunction and consequently irreversible organ damage and multiple organ failure, it is important to correlate various pathophysiological changes with mediators and signal transduction pathways at the cellular and subcellular level. In this review we focus first on factors and mediators responsible for producing cell and organ dysfunctions, especially hepatocellular dysfunction, following trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and sepsis. The changes in signaling transduction pathways will also be discussed, specifically the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases, transcription factors, nitric oxide, heat shock proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in the development of cell and organ dysfunctions following trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches for improving cell and organ functions under adverse circulatory conditions are included.

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