UNASSIGNED: Effects of dopaminergic medications used to treat Parkinson\'s disease (PD) may be compared with each other by using conversion factors, calculated as Levodopa equivalent dose (LED). However, current LED proposals on MAO-B inhibitors (iMAO-B) safinamide and rasagiline are still based on empirical approaches.
UNASSIGNED: To estimate LED of safinamide 50 and 100 mg.
UNASSIGNED: In this multicenter, longitudinal, case-control study, we retrospectively reviewed clinical charts of 500 consecutive PD patients with motor complications and treated with (i) safinamide 100 mg (N = 130), safinamide 50 mg (N = 144), or rasagiline 1 mg (N = 97) for 9 ± 3 months and a control group of patients never treated with any iMAO-B (N = 129).
UNASSIGNED: Major baseline features (age, sex, disease duration and stage, severity of motor signs and motor complications) were similar among the groups. Patients on rasagiline had lower UPDRS-II scores and Levodopa dose than control subjects. After a mean follow-up of 8.8-to-10.1 months, patients on Safinamide 50 mg and 100 mg had lower UPDRS-III and OFF-related UPDRS-IV scores than control subjects, who in turn had larger increase in total LED than the three iMAO-B groups. After adjusting for age, disease duration, duration of follow-up, baseline values and taking change in UPDRS-III scores into account (sensitivity analysis), safinamide 100 mg corresponded to 125 mg LED, whereas safinamide 50 mg and rasagiline 1 mg equally corresponded to 100 mg LED.
UNASSIGNED: We used a rigorous approach to calculate LED of safinamide 50 and 100 mg. Large prospective pragmatic trials are needed to replicate our findings.

Currently, LED technology is an established form of lighting in our cities and homes. Its lighting performance, durability, energy efficiency and light, together with the economic savings that its use implies, are displacing other classic forms of lighting. However, some problems associated with the durability of the equipment related to the problems of thermal dissipation and high temperature have begun to be detected, which end up affecting their luminous intensity and the useful life. There are many studies that show a direct relationship between the low quality of LED lighting and the aging of the equipment or its overheating, observing the depreciation of the intensity of the light and the visual chromaticity performance that can affect the health of users by altering circadian rhythms. On the other hand, the shortened useful life of the luminaires due to thermal stress has a direct impact on the LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) and its environmental impact, which indirectly affects human health. The purpose of this article is to compare the results previously obtained, at different contour temperatures, by theoretical thermal simulation of the 3D model of LED street lighting luminaires through the ANSYS Fluent simulation software. Contrasting these results with the practical results obtained with a thermal imaging camera, the study shows how the phenomenon of thermal dissipation plays a fundamental role in the lighting performance of LED technology. The parameter studied in this work is junction temperature (Tj), and how it can be used to predict the luminous properties in the design phase of luminaires in order to increase their useful life.

A new LED wavelength, violet LED (VL) with a wavelength between 405 - 410 nm was recently introduced to be used for in-office dental bleaching. In comparison to the blue LED system (440 to 485 nm), the shorter wavelength has more energy carried in its photons and also corresponds to the absorption peak of the stained particles, which lead to whitening utilizing a physical process. Considering the need to suggest and develop new protocols with this new technology, this article reports 2 different dental bleaching protocols developed in a split-mouth model using VL. A 25-year-old male patient was submitted to in-office dental bleaching. On the teeth from the left side, the bleaching gel (35% H2O2) was renewed 3 times (every 8 mins), and on the right side, the gel was maintained without renewal during the bleaching session. The irradiation with Violet LED Light (405 nm ± 10 nm) was performed with the following protocol: 1 min of irradiation with 30 s light off until 8 min of total time. A total of 3 cycles were performed (total time of 24 min). Two bleaching sessions were performed with an interval of 7 days between sessions. Based on the results of this split-mouth case report, there was no visible difference in the final color outcome and sensitivity between both bleaching protocols tested.

Effect of varied LED color temperatures on photo-oxidation in 2% fat milk and protection efficiency of packaging with and without light-protective additives (LPA) under different color temperatures was firstly evaluated. Riboflavin (Rb) is one of the critical photo-sensitizers in 2% milk when exposed to LED light. Higher color temperature with higher relative intensity of Rb absorbance region resulted in lower Rb and vitamin A retention, lower dissolved oxygen content, and higher TBARS value in milk packaged with non-LPA packaging. Yellow pigmented packaging that completely blocked the Rb absorbance region of all three LED color temperatures successfully reduced the rate of degradation of milk nutrients and flavor. TiO2-added packaging partially block the destructive light wavelength; higher level of TiO2 provided a longer protection on milk freshness. Combination of appropriate LED color temperature and LPA-packaging provided a cost-effective solution for minimizing photo-oxidation in retail dairy case.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a common inflammatory skin condition affecting approximately 5% of the world population. Therapeutic approaches to rosacea are focused on symptom suppression by means of anti-inflammatory agents. More recently, photodynamic therapy, especially light-emitting diodes, has been introduced as a valid alternative to conventional therapy.
METHODS: In the present work, we reported the efficacy and safety of light-emitting diodes therapy combining blue (480 nm) and red (650 nm) light for the treatment of two patients with papulopustular rosacea: a 22-year-old Caucasian woman and a 68-year-old Caucasian man.
CONCLUSIONS: This kind of treatment could represent an effective, safer, and well-tolerated approach for the treatment of such conditions.

The scope of this paper is to identify the benefits of lamp recycling from the domestic sector. Data related to the recycled lamps was obtained from two recycling companies and were compared to those related to the waste lamps from the domestic sector. This was achieved by a new methodology which uses two alternative approaches. The first one is dependent on previous research data in relation to the number of active lamps while the second one elaborates on electricity consumption and sales data, in order to define the corresponding number of active lamps., The wasted amount of glass, metal and plastic is calculated along with the energy savings, the annual emissions of CO2-eq, the economic benefit from their sale and the potential reduction of hazardous waste, such as mercury to solid waste landfills under various scenarios. The amount of recovered materials collected by the Hellenic recycling companies contributes to a reduction of CO2-eq by 1298 tonnes, which falls significantly short of the CO2-eq that could have been saved 3108-5463tonnes if all the lamps were recycled. Furthermore, the recycling companies have an annual economic benefit of €32,251 which could be increased by €122,725 if all lamps were recycled together with the proper recycling of 3.4 kg of mercury, which was disposed in the environment. Finally, a future scenario was examined, in which all lamps in the domestic sector were assumed to be LEDs, an issue that can affect the viability of the recycling factories and it was proved that these might be affected.

Objective: This study explored the outcome of applying red/near-infrared light therapy using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) pulsed with three different frequencies transcranially to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans. Background: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using LEDs has been shown to have positive effects on TBI in humans and animal models. Materials and methods: Twelve symptomatic military Veterans diagnosed with chronic TBI >18 months post-trauma received pulsed transcranial PBMT (tPBMT) using two neoprene therapy pads containing 220 infrared and 180 red LEDs, generating a power output of 3.3 W and an average power density of 6.4 mW/cm2 for 20 min, thrice per week over 6 weeks. Outcome measures included standardized neuropsychological test scores and qualitative and quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Results: Pulsed tPBMT significantly improved neuropsychological scores in 6 of 15 subscales (40.0%; p < 0.05; two tailed). SPECT analysis showed increase in rCBF in 8 of 12 (66.7%) study participants. Quantitative SPECT analysis revealed a significant increase in rCBF in this subgroup of study participants and a significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment gamma ray counts per cubic centimeter [t = 3.77, df = 7, p = 0.007, 95% confidence interval (95,543.21-21,931.82)]. This is the first study to report quantitative SPECT analysis of rCBF in regions of interest following pulsed tPBMT with LEDs in TBI. Conclusions: Pulsed tPBMT using LEDs shows promise in improving cognitive function and rCBF several years after TBI. Larger, controlled studies are indicated.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the outcome of applying red/near-infrared light therapy using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) pulsed with three different frequencies transcranially to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans.
BACKGROUND: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using LEDs has been shown to have positive effects on TBI in humans and animal models.
METHODS: Twelve symptomatic military Veterans diagnosed with chronic TBI >18 months post-trauma received pulsed transcranial PBMT (tPBMT) using two neoprene therapy pads containing 220 infrared and 180 red LEDs, generating a power output of 3.3 W and an average power density of 6.4 mW/cm2 for 20 min, thrice per week over 6 weeks. Outcome measures included standardized neuropsychological test scores and qualitative and quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF).
RESULTS: Pulsed tPBMT significantly improved neuropsychological scores in 6 of 15 subscales (40.0%; p < 0.05; two tailed). SPECT analysis showed increase in rCBF in 8 of 12 (66.7%) study participants. Quantitative SPECT analysis revealed a significant increase in rCBF in this subgroup of study participants and a significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment gamma ray counts per cubic centimeter [t = 3.77, df = 7, p = 0.007, 95% confidence interval (95,543.21-21,931.82)]. This is the first study to report quantitative SPECT analysis of rCBF in regions of interest following pulsed tPBMT with LEDs in TBI.
CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed tPBMT using LEDs shows promise in improving cognitive function and rCBF several years after TBI. Larger, controlled studies are indicated.

Light emitting diodes (LED) are rapidly developing as dominant lighting systems in dairy retail cases. Bright light is typically chosen to best exhibit milk products. However, high intensity LED lighting may create high potential for detrimental oxidation and destroying milk freshness. In this study, we investigated the interaction between LED light intensity, exposure time, and packaging material on limiting milk oxidation and protecting milk freshness and vitamins. Within 4 h of LED light exposure at an intensity as low as 1068 lx, light-induced oxidation occurred on 2% milkfat milk with commercial packaging including glass and translucent high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles. Higher light intensity (>4094 lx) and longer light exposure time (>24 h) rapidly increased the oxidation rate in milk. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging with lower oxygen permeability rate effectively reduced (P < 0.05) vitamin A degradation under low light intensity within 24 h. A combination of light-protective additive (TiO2) and oxygen barrier material (PET) successfully reduced (P < .05) the loss of dissolved oxygen and riboflavin, and decreased the formation of final oxidation products in milk, as measured by thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), when exposed to high light intensity within 24 h. Lower LED light intensity in retail case was preferred by 50% of participants in a visual acceptance test; consumers are willing to consider pigmented packaging with limited visibility. Results of this study provides guidance for dairy industry in choosing appropriate LED lighting conditions and packaging to adequately display the milk products as well as minimize the degradation of milk nutrients and flavor.

The use of violet LED was recently introduced as a new alternative technique to perform tooth bleaching, associated or not with bleaching agents. This paper shows a tooth bleaching clinical case report performed in a 26-year-old woman, using a violet LED with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). The tooth bleaching protocol was performed in 3 sessions. Fifteen irradiations using a violet light system (BMW, MMoptics, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) were done during 30 s (on) and 60 s (off) without bleaching gel, and more 5 irradiations associated to 10% CP. Upper and lower arches were irradiated separately. The total procedure time was 30 min. Subjective and objective color assessments were performed using Vitapan Classical shade guide and VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer, respectively. Dentin sensitivity was measured using a visual analogue scale. The use of violet LED associated to a low concentration carbamide peroxide successfully promoted tooth bleaching and no side effects i.e. dentin sensitivity during and post treatment was observed.