The world has entered a new era of globalization and industrialization, which pose several challenges to ensuring food security. Beef cattle production is one of the fastest-growing subsectors that has the capacity to meet protein demand. Due to growing demand of meat and protein and a market-oriented production system, small-scale beef cattle production contribute most to marginal farmers as a means of rising income in many developing nations like Bangladesh. Though production and commercialization are not easier for households\' due to various factors and a lack of market efficiency. To determine beef cattle commercialization and market inefficiency, the current study focused on the determinants of beef cattle commercialization and the challenges to the of market efficiency. Heckman\'s two-stage model used to determine the factors that influence households\' commercialization decisions, and the two-stage least squares method is used to examine the constraints of market inefficiencies. However, commercialization decisions offer twofold decision of commercialization and degree of commercialization. The result showed that commercialization decisions are significantly influenced by households\' age, extension services, and production costs. The degree of commercialization was affected by education, marketing costs, income from dairy, transportation costs, and training access. On the other hand, market inefficiency was influenced by formal market access, distance, extension services, and earning from cattle. As extension services worsen both commercialization decisions and market efficiency, the government should focus on extension services and offer farmers opportunities to increase their understanding and knowledge of marketing.

The optimization and transition of the industrial structure help improve the quality of the economy, moving it toward low-carbon development. By using the Instrumental Variable Generalized Method of Moments model and a city-level dataset covering the period 2006-2019, this paper explores the carbon lock-in mitigation effects of industrial structure optimization and industrial structure transition, respectively. The heterogeneity and the synthetic industrial structure adjustment effect are detected, and the potential impact mechanism is also explored. Some findings have been generated. (1) Both industrial structure optimization and industrial structure transition realize carbon lock-in eradication. (2) Industrial structure optimization and transition are more effective in inhibiting carbon lock-in in cities with a higher level of economic background. (3) By generating an interaction term of industrial structure optimization and transition and examining the impact of the interaction term on carbon lock-in, this paper detects that industrial structure optimization and transition have a synthetic impact on carbon lock-in, showing a \"1 + 1 > 2\" effect. (4) Industrial structure optimization and transition both affect carbon lock-in by improving technological innovation level, which is the impact mechanism. Some policy implications, such as sectoral diversification and promoting research and development, are put forward for better industrial structure development and carbon unlocking.

This study provided a geographic and technical matching approach supporting low-carbon style recycling systems, demonstrated using polyvinyl chloride waste (PVCW) generated in 2018 in Mie Prefecture, Japan. From a carbon dioxide (CO2) emission basis, mechanical/material recycling (MR) and energy recovery facilities were all allocated full capacity; however, parts of chemical recycling facilities were excluded in the optimal solutions. From the spatial distribution of the allocated result, we confirmed a trend that to achieve the minimum total emissions, the matchings from pretreatment to recycling facilities were done based on a nearby priority rule. From an emission reduction basis, MR accounted for the major proportion of total reductions which was similar to that accessed from an emission basis. Thus, the promotion of MR should be prioritized at the current technical level when optimizing emissions of the whole lifecycle. The number of facilities allocated were substantially reduced; meanwhile, the averaged emission reductions per ton of PVCW disposed were increased from the current level (2.93) to the near-future level (4.99 t-CO2 t-1). Thus, we concluded that this optimization under a higher technical level was effective to make the current recycling system with more emission reductions (low-carbon environmental effect) and require fewer disposal facilities (cost-saving economic effect). Meanwhile, certain long-distance routes found in solutions implied that technical parameters were more important than geolocation parameters to achieve maximum emission reductions.

The sustainable development of the sports industry has garnered extensive attention worldwide. In this study, after a rigorous explanation of the connotation of the sports industry development resilience coefficient (SIDRC), the Topsis model and exploratory spatial data analysis were comprehensively employed to evaluate and visualize the SIDRC of 285 cities in China. Additionally, a spatial econometric model was constructed to explore the influencing factors of SIDRC. The major conclusions drawn from this study are as follow: (1) While the SIDRC has improved significantly over the study period, it still remains overall at a low level of resilience with a widening gap between cities. (2) A strong spatial imbalance exists in the distribution of SIDRC, with coastal regions demonstrating greater resilience compared to the central and western regions, and provincial capital cities faring better than other cities. (3) Policy support index, economic development level, structural diversity of the sports industry, and social participation play crucial roles in promoting SIDRC. Finally, social participation has a positive impact on SIDRC in neighboring cities by facilitating resource sharing, market expansion, and extending the industrial chain. The paper concludes by offering recommendations such as increasing the construction of sports markets and public participation, which can optimize the layout of the sports industry and enhance industrial development resilience.

Transforming resource-based cities into sustainable economic development is a great challenge for policy-makers in many countries. However, the economic-centered evaluation system tends to breed the undesirable view of \"GDP only\" or \"brown growth\" in the previous case studies which is inconsistent with the long-run and sustainable development of resource-based cities. To fill in this research gap, this paper takes Jilin province in northeast China as a case study to explore urban development problems faced by major resource-based cities during resource depletion. This research constructs a stratified indicator system and conducts an in-depth analysis of the features and spatial effects of urban decline. For this analysis, this paper jointly uses the methods of entropy-weighted TOPSIS, analytic hierarchical process (AHP), and spatial effect model based on a database from 2000 to 2019. The findings of this study show that the current transformation of resource-based cities in Jilin province is generally ineffective and difficult to maintain long-run and sustainable development due to its historical reasons and industrial development background. According to the results, the resource-based cities in Jilin province show an unstable development because of factors such as barriers to the physical renewal of resources, rigid industrial structure, insufficient backup resources, and institutional and policy constraints. Also, the transformation of these cities into sustainable economic development is still facing demographic, social, and ecological difficulties.

In response to China\'s aims of becoming \"carbon-neutral,\" the development of green industries such as renewable energy and recycling has flourished. Based on 2015 and 2019 data, this study uses spatial autocorrelation to analyze the evolution of land use by the green industries in Jiangsu Province. The Geodetector model was also applied to identify the driving factors underlying these spatial patterns. The spatial variability of green industrial land use in Jiangsu Province is significant, with the land-use area gradually decreasing from Southern to Northern Jiangsu. In terms of spatial-temporal changes, there is an increase in land use and a trend of expansion in the central and northern regions of Jiangsu. Land use by green industries in the province exhibits a more significant spatial clustering pattern but with a weakened clustering effect. The clustering types are mainly H-H and L-L, with the H-H type distributed mainly in the Su-Xi-Chang region and the L-L type distributed mainly in the Northern Jiangsu region. The levels of technology, economic development, industrialization, and industrial diversification are important individual driving factors, and the interaction among the different factors enhances their driving forces. This study suggests that spatial spillover effects should be focused to promote the coordinated development of regional energy-saving and environmental protection industries. At the same time, joint efforts should be made from the aspects of resources, government, economy, and related industries to promote the agglomeration of land for energy-saving and environmental protection industries.

Rural revitalization, as a major strategy with the goal of realizing the overall development of strong agriculture industries, beautiful rural areas, and rich farmers, is an effective way of alleviating the loss of talent, land, capital, and other elements in rural areas and a possible cure for \"rural diseases\". However, \"rural diseases\" faced by villages are very different, and thus exploring suitable strategies for rural revitalization is beneficial to the implementation of rural revitalization strategies and the promotion of urban-rural integration. Based on location theory, this paper constructs a point-axis-domain three-dimensional spatial location theory model that integrates market location, traffic location, and natural location and combines the coupling coordination model to comprehensively study the vitality and development directions of Qingdao\'s rural areas. Results found that Qingdao\'s high-level and medium-high-level coupling coordination areas are the main types of coupling coordination, accounting for 45.19% and 47.48%, respectively. Based on the development status of Qingdao, this study explores development directions for rural revitalization poles as well as high-level, medium-high-level, and medium-level coupling coordination areas and suggests the following: rural revitalization poles should play a demonstration role in rural revitalization in terms of industrial development, rural civilization, social governance, public service construction, etc.; high-level coupling coordination areas should focus on building modern hi-tech agriculture and rural marine tourism industries; medium-high-level coupling coordination areas should strengthen the building of satellite towns and promote industrial transformation and upgrading; medium-level coupling coordination areas should actively develop ecological environment conservation models and establish a characteristic mountainous eco-tourism industry. Thus, the findings provide important scientific reference for the implementation of rural revitalization.

The Yangtze River Economic Belt, an inland economic zone with global influence, has shown a trend of prosperous economic development in recent years. Economic development, water pollution, resource depletion, and other environmental problems continue to emerge. The steady state of the water ecological environment is an important aspect of ecological security. To investigate the regional water ecological security state, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation indicator system within the framework of \"driving force-carrying source-state-management\" (DCSM). The entropy weight method was used to determine the weight of each indicator, and the weighted rank sum ratio model was introduced to classify the water ecological environment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2019. Finally, an adversarial interpretative structure model is used to refine the ranking of each region. The results show that the bearing state and driving force subsystems are closely related to the water ecological environment. The top three indicators are wastewater discharge of industrial added value of 10,000 yuan, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial gross product, and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of tertiary gross domestic product. In addition, there are clear differences in the water ecological environment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The classification results show that Zhejiang and Jiangsu are rated as \"excellent\'\'; Yunnan, Guizhou, Anhui, and Jiangxi are in the \"good\" level; and Sichuan, Hunan, Chongqing, and Hubei are in the \"medium\" level. Shanghai is \"poor.\" As a whole, the downstream is superior, the upstream is second, and the midstream is poor in an asymmetric \"U\"-shaped distribution. During the study period, the overall state of water ecology in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was at a medium level and has not yet reached a safe and steady state. The performance of areas with traditional industrialization as the main development path was poor. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the overall water ecological security in the basin in the future, strengthen the regulatory role of the government\'s water ecological management, promote reform of traditional industries and resource-based regions, and achieve the sustainable development of the water ecological environment.

Industrialization and urbanization are critical paths to modernization for a country or region. The coordination of industrialization and urbanization fosters the development of a regional economy. In academic circles, this is usually measured by the IU ratio (ratio of labor industrialization rate to urbanization rate) and the NU ratio (ratio of non-agricultural employment rate to urbanization rate). However, these methods are inapplicable to large countries\' inland areas. The traditional methods failed to explain the real situation and produced contradictory results. The IU ratio shows that industrialization lags behind urbanization, while the NU ratio shows that industrialization is ahead of urbanization. According to studies conducted in the Sichuan Province of China, through comparison with Jiangsu Province, it is found that the non-agricultural employment growth is not dependent on the development of local industrialization, and rural-urban migration is not entirely dependent on the evolution of the non-agricultural employment rate. Other factors that promote urbanization, such as the country\'s capital policies and funds for migrant labor force transfer, should also be considered. This research attempts to improve the traditional methods for measuring the degree of urbanization and industrialization synergy in inland areas. The new empirical approach can effectively identify the critical characteristics of urbanization in inland provinces, such as the development of non-agricultural employment with external assistance and urban migrants \"unrelated to employment opportunities\". Based on these key characteristics, it can provide the basis for local urbanization policy formulation.

The past several decades have seen China undergo a rapid urbanization process. During periods of economic prosperity, cities expropriate outlying lands, often villages, for economic development with the support of various local and national government programs designed to encourage urban expansion. However, the autonomy of the villages has not been paid enough attention. How does incorporation into an urban development zone affect the community identity and autonomy of a village? How does the village bargain with external urban institutions? This research is based on ethnographic research and interviews conducted in 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2021. The results reveal that villagers are generally willing to accept the loss of their collective land in exchange for a larger share of the promised prosperity of industrialization, but over time they tend to find that the immediate benefits of expropriation are outweighed by long-term costs. They lose the support of the state and are exposed to new vulnerabilities, such as pollution and economic instability. Indeed, they agree to undertake unknown future risks in exchange for short-term gains. They cannot gain the right to the city, but gradually lose control of the village.